{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:44:58Z","timestamp":1784731498354,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Facial palsy is a condition that affects the facial nerve, the seventh of the 12 cranial nerves. Its main function is to control the muscles of facial expression. This involves the ability to express emotion through controlling the position of the mouth, the eyebrow, nostrils, and eye closure. The facial nerve also plays a key role in maintaining the posture of the mouth and as such, people with facial paralysis often have problems with drooling, speech, and dental hygiene.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Due to the devastating effects on the quality of life of individuals with facial palsy, there are a multitude of various treatment options for the paralyzed face. This article reviews current management strategies and points towards promising future directions for research in the field of facial reanimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2358-9401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T18:58:40Z","timestamp":1719946720000},"page":"386-394","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Current Treatments and Future Directions for Facial Paralysis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Leckenby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, New York"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Sweitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Mayorga-Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Milek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriaan","family":"Grobbelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department for Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2005.09.003","article-title":"Psychological and social factors in reconstructive surgery for hemi-facial palsy","volume":"59","author":"E T Bradbury","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200411000-00026","article-title":"Expression of emotion and quality of life after facial nerve paralysis","volume":"25","author":"S E Coulson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2018.07.001","article-title":"The importance and psychology of facial expression","volume":"51","author":"L E Ishii","year":"2018","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.03.014","article-title":"\u201cRare place where I feel normal\u201d: perceptions of a social support conference among parents of and people with Moebius syndrome","volume":"64","author":"K R Bogart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2010.11.004","article-title":"Facial palsy: etiology, outcome and management in children","volume":"15","author":"A C Jenke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922809347798","article-title":"Facial nerve palsy in the pediatric population","volume":"49","author":"J Shargorodsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199001000-00001","article-title":"Facial nerve palsy in the newborn: incidence and outcome","volume":"85","author":"N A Falco","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp041120","article-title":"Clinical practice. 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