{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:21:12Z","timestamp":1789579272159,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The future of depression pharmacotherapy lies in a precision medicine approach\n                    that recognizes that depression is a disease where different causalities drive\n                    symptoms. That approach calls for a departure from current diagnostic\n                    categories, which are broad enough to allow adherence to the \u201cone-size-fits-all\u201d\n                    paradigm, which is complementary to the routine use of \u201cbroad-spectrum\u201d\n                    mono-amine antidepressants. Similar to oncology, narrowing the overinclusive\n                    diagnostic window by implementing laboratory tests, which guide specifically\n                    targeted treatments, will be a major step forward in overcoming the present drug\n                    discovery crisis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A substantial subgroup of patients presents with signs and symptoms of\n                    hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) overactivity. Therefore, this stress\n                    hormone system was considered to offer worthwhile targets. Some promising\n                    results emerged, but in sum, the results achieved by targeting corticosteroid\n                    receptors were mixed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>More specific are non-peptidergic drugs that block stress-responsive\n                    neuropeptides, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and arginine vasopressin\n                    (AVP) in the brain by antagonizing their cognate CRHR1-and V1b-receptors. If a\n                    patient\u02bcs depressive symptomatology is driven by overactive V1b-signaling then a\n                    V1b-receptor antagonist should be first-line treatment. To identify the patient\n                    having this V1b-receptor overactivity, a neuroendocrine test, the so-called\n                    dex\/CRH-test, was developed, which indicates central AVP release but is too\n                    complicated to be routinely used. Therefore, this test was transformed into a\n                    gene-based \u201cnear-patient\u201d test that allows immediate identification if a\n                    depressed patient\u2019s symptomatology is driven by overactive V1b-receptor\n                    signaling. We believe that this precision medicine approach will be the next\n                    major innovation in the pharmacotherapy of depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2372-3549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T23:02:20Z","timestamp":1724108540000},"page":"263-274","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Precision Psychiatry Approach to Treat Depression and Anxiety\n                    Targeting the Stress Hormone System \u2013 V1b-antagonists as a Case in\n                    Point"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Holsboer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"HMNC Holding GmbH, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Ising","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.030","article-title":"Immune checkpoint targeting in cancer therapy: Toward combination strategies\n                    with curative potential","volume":"161","author":"P Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0285-z","article-title":"Precision cardiology in the digital era","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"2249","article-title":"Dermatologic disease-directed targeted therapy (D(3)T(2)): The application of\n                    biomarker-based precision medicine for the personalized treatment of skin\n                    conditions-precision dermatology","volume":"12","author":"P R Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2453","article-title":"How can we realize the promise of personalized antidepressant medicines?","volume":"9","author":"F Holsboer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Treatment of depressive states with an iminodibenzyl derivative (G 22355)","volume":"87","author":"R Kuhn","year":"1957","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00407438","article-title":"A clinical analysis of the effects of tofranil in depression. 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