{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:33:08Z","timestamp":1791923588818,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction Pharmacoepidemiological data suggest that lithium\n                    prescriptions for bipolar disorder are gradually decreasing, with less attention\n                    having been paid to other indications.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods We examined lithium prescriptions between 1994 and 2017 in data\n                    provided by the Drug Safety in Psychiatry Program AMSP, including psychiatric\n                    hospitals in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. We compared lithium use for\n                    different diagnoses before and after 2001 and in three periods (T1: 1994\u20132001,\n                    T2: 2002\u20132009, and T3: 2010\u20132017).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results In a total of 158,384 adult inpatients (54% female, mean age\n                    47.4\u00b117.0 years), we observed a statistically significant decrease in lithium\n                    prescriptions between 1994\u20132000 and 2001\u20132017 in patients with schizophrenia\n                    spectrum disorder from 7.7% to 5.1% and in patients with affective disorders\n                    from 16.8% to 9.6%. Decreases in use were also observed for diagnostic\n                    subgroups: schizoaffective disorder (ICD-10 F25: 27.8% to 17.4%), bipolar\n                    disorder (F31: 41.3% to 31%), depressive episode (F32: 8.1% to 3.4%), recurrent\n                    depression (F33: 17.9% to 7.5%, all: p&lt;0.001) and emotionally unstable\n                    (borderline) personality disorder (6.3% to 3.9%, p=0.01). The results in T1 vs.\n                    T2 vs. T3 were for F25: 26.7% vs. 18.2% vs. 16.2%, F32: 7.7% vs. 4.2% vs. 2.7%,\n                    F33: 17.2% vs. 8.6% vs. 6.6% and for F31: 40.8% vs. 31.7% vs 30.0%, i.\u2009e. there\n                    was no further decrease for lithium use in bipolar disorder after 2002.\n                    Lithium\u2019s main psychotropic co-medications were quetiapine (21.1%), lorazepam\n                    (20.6%), and olanzapine (15.2%).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Discussion In inpatients, the use of lithium has decreased in patients\n                    with bipolar disorder and also with various other psychiatric diagnoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2374-2386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T23:06:35Z","timestamp":1724367995000},"page":"296-303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Twenty-Three Years of Declining Lithium Use: Analysis of a\n                    Pharmacoepidemiological Dataset from German-Speaking Countries"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2342-735X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldemar","family":"Greil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital,\n                    LMU Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Zurich,\n                    Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateo","family":"de Bardeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Zurich,\n                    Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of\n                    Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Nievergelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Private Hospital, Sanatorium Kilchberg, Zurich,\n                    Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sermin","family":"Toto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover\n                    Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Grohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital,\n                    LMU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover\n                    Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Schoretsanitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of\n                    Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health,\n                    Glen Oaks, New York, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry at the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of\n                    Medicine at Northwell\/Hofstra, Hempstead, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12609","article-title":"Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International\n                    Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for 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Disord"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-015-0032-2","article-title":"The suicide prevention effect of lithium: More than 20 years of evidence-a\n                    narrative review","volume":"3","author":"U Lewitzka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.063","article-title":"The association between anti-inflammatory effects of long-term lithium treatment\n                    and illness course in Bipolar Disorder","volume":"281","author":"R Queissner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.080044","article-title":"Disease-modifying properties of long-term lithium treatment for amnestic mild\n                    cognitive impairment: Randomised controlled trial","volume":"198","author":"O V 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Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1398506","article-title":"Lithium use from 2000 to 2010 in Italy: A population-based study","volume":"48","author":"A Parabiaghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13504","article-title":"Twenty-year medication use trends in first-episode bipolar disorder","volume":"146","author":"J Poranen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13\u201320","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437231176905","article-title":"Ten-year trends in lithium prescribing in Alberta, Canada","volume":"69","author":"S Shafiq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.03.017","article-title":"Psychopharmacological treatment of 2195 in-patients with borderline personality\n                    disorder: A comparison with other psychiatric disorders","volume":"25","author":"R Bridler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02589-7","article-title":"Antipsychotic drug-induced neutropenia: Results from the AMSP drug surveillance\n                    program between 1993 and 2016","volume":"130","author":"C Glocker","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02504-6","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder according to severity in\n                    psychiatric inpatients: Results from the AMSP pharmacovigilance program from\n                    2001-2017","volume":"129","author":"J Seifert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.16","article-title":"Changes in prescribing for bipolar disorder between 2009 and 2016:\n                    National-level data linkage study in Scotland","volume":"215","author":"L M Lyall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.09.018","article-title":"Prescribing changes for bipolar patients discharged from two public psychiatric\n                    hospitals in Taiwan, 2006-2019","volume":"318","author":"C H Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-023-00313-8","article-title":"Controversies regarding lithium-associated weight gain: Case-control study of\n                    real-world drug safety data","volume":"11","author":"W Greil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Bipolar 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In: Schwabe U, Paffrath D, Ludwig WD, Klauber J eds,\n                    Arzneiverordnungs-Report 2018","author":"M J Lohse","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078045","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1078045","article-title":"Predictors of psychiatric hospitalization among outpatients with bipolar\n                    disorder in the real-world clinical setting","volume":"14","author":"K Tokumitsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2374-2386.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:03:42Z","timestamp":1731024222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2374-2386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2374-2386","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0176-3679","1439-0795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0176-3679","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]}}}