{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:01:41Z","timestamp":1789664501336,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insulin and thyroid hormones play important roles in our body. Insulin helps\n                    regulate the glucose level while the thyroid hormones affect various cells and\n                    tissues, metabolizing protein, lipids, and glucose. Hyperthyroidism and\n                    thyrotoxicosis are potential hazards for type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is a\n                    high prevalence of hypothyroidism being more common compared to hyperthyroidism\n                    coexisting with diabetes mellitus. Thyroid hormones affect glucose metabolism\n                    through its action on peripheral tissues (gastrointestinal tract, liver,\n                    skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, and pancreas). High-level thyroid hormone\n                    causes hyperglycemia, upregulation of glucose transport, and reduction in\n                    glycogen storage. The reverse is observed during low levels of thyroid hormone\n                    along with insulin clearance. The net result of thyroid disorder is insulin\n                    resistance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus can downsize the regulation of thyroid\n                    stimulating hormones and impair the conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine\n                    in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, poorly managed type 2 diabetes mellitus may\n                    result in insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, contributing to the\n                    proliferation of thyroid tissue and an increase in nodule formation and goiter\n                    size. Although metformin proves advantageous for both type 2 diabetes mellitus\n                    and thyroid disorder patients, other antidiabetics like sulfonylureas,\n                    pioglitazone, and thiazolidinediones may have adverse effects on thyroid\n                    disorders. Moreover, antithyroid drugs such as methimazole can weaken glycemic\n                    control in individuals with diabetes. Thus, an interplay between both\n                    endocrinopathies is observed and individualized care and management of the\n                    disorder needs to be facilitated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2374-8756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T22:57:20Z","timestamp":1724108240000},"page":"845-858","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Thyroid Hormone and Diabetes Mellitus Interplay: Making Management of\n                    Comorbid Disorders Complicated"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Ayush","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma\n                    University, Ahmedabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5002-7530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snehal S","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma\n                    University, Ahmedabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60047","article-title":"Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action","volume":"122","author":"G A Brent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1106","article-title":"Role of thyroid hormones in skeletal development and bone maintenance","volume":"37","author":"JH D Bassett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01733.x","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and neurophysiological actions of thyroid hormone","volume":"20","author":"G R Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0013","article-title":"Links between thyroid disorders and glucose homeostasis","volume":"46","author":"Y S Eom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Netab J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E923","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1990.258.6.E923","article-title":"Effects of insulin on skeletal muscle glucose storage, oxidation, and glycolysis\n                    in humans","volume":"258","author":"D E Kelley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"245","volume-title":"How insulin regulates glucose transport in adipocytes. 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