{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T18:17:53Z","timestamp":1785867473082,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rising prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents necessitates effective interventions to mitigate long-term risks, such as retinal detachment and macular degeneration. Traditional approaches like undercorrection with single-vision lenses have proven ineffective. Recent research underscores the significance of peripheral vision in managing myopia progression. While hyperopic defocus in the peripheral retina may encourage axial elongation, multifocal lenses designed to induce peripheral myopic defocus can potentially curb this elongation. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that spectacle lenses with peripheral modifications, such as highly aspherical lenslets (HAL) or defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS), reduce myopia progression and axial elongation over 2 years. Similarly, multifocal contact lenses, especially those with high-add power (+\u20092.50\u2009D), have shown comparable reductions over 3 years. Safety is a critical consideration in\n          myopia control. Multifocal spectacle lenses with peripheral plus designs are generally well tolerated, with only transient side effects, like dizziness and blurred vision. Soft multifocal contact lenses also exhibit a favorable safety profile, with low rates of serious adverse events. Thorough monitoring and reporting in these studies are essential to provide assurance about the safety of these interventions for children. Future research should aim to include more diverse populations in order to ensure the generalizability of findings across various demographic groups. Additionally, real-world data would offer valuable insights into the performance of these treatments in everyday scenarios. Observational studies, less influenced by industry sponsorship, could further validate these findings. Lastly, the clinical significance of the observed effects should be critically assessed to confirm that the reported benefits lead to meaningful reductions in myopia progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2397-1660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T11:48:01Z","timestamp":1728560881000},"page":"1129-1133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multifocal Optics for Myopia Control"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Schmucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Evidence in Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolf Alexander","family":"Lagr\u00e8ze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-\/Pediatric Ophthalmology, University of Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/519276a","article-title":"The myopia boom","volume":"519","author":"E Dolgin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0855","article-title":"Prevalence and Time Trends in Myopia Among Children and Adolescents","volume":"117","author":"A K Schuster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"61","author":"A EG Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.277","article-title":"Visual regulation of refractive development: insights from animal studies","volume":"28","author":"E L Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(88)90113-7","article-title":"Accommodation, refractive error and eye growth in chickens","volume":"28","author":"F Schaeffel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.10.008","article-title":"Spectacle lens compensation in the pigmented guinea pig","volume":"49","author":"M H Howlett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2006.00055.x","article-title":"The possible effect of undercorrection on myopic progression in children","volume":"89","author":"D Adler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(02)00258-4","article-title":"Undercorrection of myopia enhances rather than inhibits myopia progression","volume":"42","author":"K Chung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004916.pub4","article-title":"Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children","author":"J J Walline","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5761","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11904","article-title":"Peripheral defocus and myopia progression in myopic children randomly assigned to wear single vision and progressive addition lenses","volume":"54","author":"D A Berntsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M31","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25967","article-title":"IMI \u2013 Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia","volume":"60","author":"D Troilo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5716","article-title":"The effect of two-zone concentric bifocal spectacle lenses on refractive error development and eye growth in young chicks","volume":"52","author":"Y Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/icl.0000000000000390","article-title":"A Comparison of the Effects of Orthokeratology Lens, Medcall Lens, and Ordinary Frame Glasses on the Accommodative Response in Myopic Children","volume":"44","author":"X Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13191","article-title":"Multiple segment spectacle lenses for myopia control. 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