{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T13:12:18Z","timestamp":1770556338211,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objectives The determination of anesthetic depth has been used to assess\n                    the optimal moment for applying electrical stimuli in electroconvulsive therapy\n                    (ECT), as some of the anesthetics used can reduce its effectiveness. In this\n                    study, seizure quality was assessed using anesthetic depth measurement with the\n                    patient state index (PSI).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods A prospective experimental study was conducted with a control\n                    group, including a sample of 346 stimulations (PSI=134; Control=212) in 51\n                    patients admitted and diagnosed with major depressive disorders. Seizure\n                    adequacy variables (seizure time in electroencephalogram [EEG] and motor\n                    activity, visual evaluation of the EEG, ECT-EEG parameter rating scale [EEPRS],\n                    seizure concordance, central inhibition, automated parameters, and autonomic\n                    activation) were assessed using linear mixed-effects models for continuous\n                    variables and generalized linear mixed-effects models for dichotomous\n                    variables.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results The PSI group required lower stimulation energy. The use of the\n                    PSI was associated with longer seizure time, both motor and\n                    electroencephalographic, higher quality of the EEG recording, better seizure\n                    concordance, and higher values for the automated parameters of maximum sustained\n                    coherence and time to peak coherence.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusions The use of the PSI to measure anesthetic depth may reduce the\n                    electrical stimulus charge required and improve seizure quality in ECT modified\n                    with propofol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2398-7693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T23:20:49Z","timestamp":1727133649000},"page":"33-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Monitoring Anesthetic Depth Using the Patient State Index in\n                    Electroconvulsive Therapy Improves Seizure Quality"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0054-5775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Alcoverro-Fortuny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Short-Term Psychiatry Hospitalization Unit, Hospital General de\n                    Granollers, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Doctorate in Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, International\n                    University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferran","family":"Vi\u00f1as Usan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Short-Term Psychiatry Hospitalization Unit, Hospital General de\n                    Granollers, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, International University of Catalonia,\n                    Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen E.","family":"Sanabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hospital General de\n                    Granollers, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikel","family":"Esnaola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Area, Hospital General de Granollers,\n                    Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"E. Rojo Rodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, International University of Catalonia,\n                    Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpsm.2015.01.002","article-title":"Dignifying electroconvulsive therapy based on evidence","volume":"8","author":"M Bernardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.31","article-title":"The effect of anaesthetic dose on response and remission in electroconvulsive\n                    therapy for major depressive disorder: Nationwide register-based cohort\n                    study","volume":"7","author":"A Kronsell","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2019.05.006","article-title":"The effectiveness of BIS during electroconvulsive therapy: A systematic review\n                    and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"G Guerrier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"101","volume-title":"ECT technique, part I: Managing the Individual Treatment. In: Rasmussen KG, ed.\n                    Principles and practice of electroconvulsive therapy. 1st ed","author":"K G Rasmussen","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.09.005","article-title":"The anaesthetic-ECT time interval in electroconvulsive therapy practice- Is it\n                    to time?","volume":"9","author":"V G\u00e1lvez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1331748","article-title":"Bispectral index monitoring and seizure quality optimization in\n                    electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"46","author":"L Kranaster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000615","article-title":"ECT: A new look at an old friend","volume":"31","author":"K P Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-950395","article-title":"ECT anesthesia: The lighter the better?","volume":"39","author":"A Sartorius","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000792","article-title":"Relationship between anesthesia depth and quality of seizures in patients\n                    undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. A prospective observational study","volume":"38","author":"L Gasteiger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002331","article-title":"The technology of processed electroencephalogram monitoring devices for\n                    assessment of depth of anesthesia","volume":"126","author":"B G Fahy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2005.07.008","article-title":"Patient state index","volume":"20","author":"D Drover","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq155","article-title":"Patient state index vs bispectral index as measures of the\n                    electroencephalografic effects of propofol","volume":"105","author":"M Soehle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"235","article-title":"The Patient State Index is well balanced for propofol sedation","volume":"19","author":"K H Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"DSM-IV-RT Manual diagn\u00f3stico y estad\u00edstico de los trastornos mentales","author":"J J L\u00f3pez-Ibor Ali\u00f1o","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Consenso espa\u00f1ol sobre la terapia electroconvulsiva","author":"M Bernardo Arroyo","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181a09d4d","article-title":"Measuring electroencephalographic seizure adequacy during electroconvulsive\n                    therapy. 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Part 1: development","volume":"268","author":"L Kranaster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2017.28","article-title":"Prediction of electroconvulsive therapy response and remission in major\n                    depression: Meta-analysis","volume":"212","author":"L van Diermen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.12.012","article-title":"Effects of the Anaesthetic-ECT time interval and ventilation rate on seizure\n                    quality in electroconvulsive therapy: A prospective randomised trial","volume":"13","author":"R Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"}],"container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2398-7693.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T23:48:02Z","timestamp":1734997682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2398-7693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2398-7693","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0176-3679","1439-0795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0176-3679","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]}}}