{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:12:48Z","timestamp":1787645568640,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is regarded as a major health condition,\n                    progressively affecting an increased number of people around the world. The\n                    interplay between OSA and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been extensively\n                    studied. However, little is known about the relationship between OSA and type 1\n                    diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This review provides insight into the prevalence of\n                    OSA in T1DM and its relationship with diabetic complications. Studies have\n                    hitherto yielded contradictory results on the occurrence of OSA in T1DM. Indeed,\n                    the risk of OSA in T1DM has ranged from 1 in 10 to more than 1 in 2 T1DM\n                    subjects. This high occurrence was confirmed by objective polysomnography as\n                    well as widely used subjective questionnaires. Multiple studies revealed the\n                    important correlation between OSA and diabetes complications. Both microvascular\n                    (nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy) and macrovascular complications appear\n                    to be associated with OSA occurrence, although some associations were not\n                    significant due to inadequate data. In conclusion, T1DM subjects carry a higher\n                    risk of undiagnosed OSA. Additional studies are needed to clarify the exact\n                    correlation between the two conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2414-5487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T23:30:58Z","timestamp":1726183858000},"page":"40-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Neglected\n                    Relationship?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Panou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School,\n                    Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department of Internal\n                    Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Roukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School,\n                    Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Chadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School,\n                    Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Nena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Social Medicine, Democritus University of\n                    Thrace \u2013 Alexandropoulis Campus, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evanthia","family":"Gouveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department of Internal\n                    Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7320-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Papanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department of Internal\n                    Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paschalis","family":"Steiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School,\n                    Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: a\n                    literature-based analysis","volume":"7","author":"A V Benjafield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"142","article-title":"A comprehensive review of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"14","author":"A Abbasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5603\/ARM.a2022.0001","article-title":"Functional Comorbidity Index and health-related quality of life in patients with\n                    obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"90","author":"M Agrafiotis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Respir Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.04.005","article-title":"Symptoms of sleep apnea syndrome: High prevalence and underdiagnosis in the\n                    French population","volume":"13","author":"C Fuhrman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-307276","article-title":"Potential underdiagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea in the cardiology\n                    outpatient setting","volume":"101","author":"L E Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202271","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1202271","article-title":"Beyond CPAP: Modifying upper airway output for the treatment of OSA","volume":"14","author":"E Gruenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13144","article-title":"Treating OSA: Current and emerging therapies beyond CPAP","volume":"22","author":"G Lorenzi-Filho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-020-00137-2","article-title":"Mandibular Advancement devices for OSA: An alternative to CPAP?","volume":"7","author":"C E Francis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulm Ther"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000433","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2017-000433","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Perspectives\n                    from a quality improvement initiative in a university-based diabetes center","volume":"5","author":"S Ioja","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with\n                    projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden\n                    of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","author":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12823","article-title":"Sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"I Muraki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.05.009","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and diabetes: A state of the art review","volume":"152","author":"S Reutrakul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410170415","article-title":"Abnormal breathing patterns during sleep in diabetes","volume":"17","author":"S Mondini","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00119","article-title":"Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy contributes to sleep apnea in young and lean\n                    type 1 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"5","author":"C C Janovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2184-7","article-title":"Disturbed subjective sleep characteristics in adult patients with long-standing\n                    type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"54","author":"M van Dijk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13780","article-title":"Elevated obstructive sleep apnoea risk score is associated with poor healing of\n                    diabetic foot ulcers: A prospective cohort study","volume":"35","author":"G Maltese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03096.x","article-title":"High prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in a Type 1 diabetic adult\n                    population: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"A L Borel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"55","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"J Vale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Port Pneumol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12582","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea in people with Type 1 diabetes: Prevalence and\n                    association with micro- and macrovascular complications","volume":"32","author":"G Manin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.006","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea is frequent in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"A M Banghoej","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-699X.2010.00216.x","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep apnoea in diabetic patients","volume":"5","author":"A K Schober","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15015","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep apnoea in patients with type 1 diabetes and its association\n                    with comorbidities and diabetic complications: A French nationwide prospective\n                    study","volume":"25","author":"J L P\u00e9pin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"412","article-title":"Relationship between sleep disturbances, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity\n                    in type 1 diabetic patients: A cross-sectional study","volume":"64","author":"ACM T Mattos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05714-5","article-title":"Risk of incident obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with type 1 diabetes: A\n                    population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Z Alshehri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.03.010","article-title":"Short-term metabolic control and sleep in children and adolescents with type 1\n                    diabetes mellitus","volume":"32","author":"M Kostkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.06.013","article-title":"Subjective sleep disturbances and glycemic control in adults with long-standing\n                    type 1 diabetes: The Pittsburgh's Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications\n                    study","volume":"119","author":"H Denic-Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.03.019","article-title":"Sleep characteristics in type 1 diabetes and associations with glycemic control:\n                    Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"S Reutrakul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"Obstructive sleep Apnea","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-2978-6","article-title":"Good and poor sleepers among OSA patients: Sleep quality and overnight\n                    polysomnography findings","volume":"38","author":"L LusicKalcina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-131-7-199910050-00002","article-title":"Using the Berlin questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea\n                    syndrome","volume":"131","author":"N C Netzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea. [Updated 2022 Dec 11]. In","author":"J M Slowik","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3514","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnea: A review","volume":"323","author":"D J Gottlieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.10.004","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the Berlin questionnaire, STOP-BANG, STOP, and Epworth\n                    sleepiness scale in detecting obstructive sleep apnea: A bivariate\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"H Y Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1986","article-title":"Altered neuroendocrine sleep architecture in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"K Jauch-Chara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00695.2005","article-title":"Disorders of glucose metabolism in sleep apnea","volume":"99","author":"N M Punjabi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14685","article-title":"Endocrine disorders in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: A bidirectional\n                    relationship","volume":"98","author":"M Akset","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1159\/000100556","article-title":"Autonomic neuropathy increases the risk of obstructive sleep apnea in obese\n                    diabetics","volume":"75","author":"P Bottini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.702","article-title":"Diabetes and sleep disturbances: Findings from the Sleep Heart Health Study","volume":"26","author":"H E Resnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0256","article-title":"Metabolic consequences of obstructive sleep apnea especially pertaining to\n                    diabetes mellitus and insulin sensitivity","volume":"43","author":"S O Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201511-2260OC","article-title":"The effect of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea on glycemic control in type 2\n                    diabetes","volume":"194","author":"J E Shaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-1025","article-title":"Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on glucose metabolism","volume":"186","author":"H E Koh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5432","article-title":"The association between obstructive sleep apnea on diabetic kidney disease: A\n                    systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"W B Leong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12817","article-title":"Effect of obstructive sleep apnoea on diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy: A\n                    systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"W B Leong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"4737064","article-title":"Relationship of obstructive sleep apnoea with diabetic retinopathy: A\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"2017","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.03.005","article-title":"The correlation between obstructive sleep apnea and diabetic neuropathy: A\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"X Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200504-637OC","article-title":"Association of sleep apnea and type II diabetes: A population-based study","volume":"172","author":"K J Reichmuth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13017","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic\n                    review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"12","author":"R Qie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02267.x","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of\n                    prospective cohort studies","volume":"18","author":"X Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13793","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea, prediabetes and progression of type\u20092 diabetes: A\n                    systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"C Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-10-84","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes are associated with obstructive sleep apnea in\n                    extremely obese subjects: A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"J M Fredheim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2012.10.004","article-title":"Underdiagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in patients with type 2\n                    diabetes in France: ENTRED 2007","volume":"39","author":"P Lecomte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2024.107516","article-title":"Tirzepatide for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: Rationale, design, and\n                    sample baseline characteristics of the SURMOUNT -OSA phase 3 trial","volume":"141","author":"A Malhotra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1038-3883","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An overview","volume":"129","author":"N Katsiki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12020437","article-title":"Unraveling the link between insulin resistance and bronchial asthma","volume":"12","author":"K Bartziokas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000172","article-title":"The relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea and coronary heart\n                    disease","volume":"30","author":"K Pafili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972313493797","article-title":"Undetected obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in the workforce and reduced work\n                    productivity in OSA: We need to improve screening to see the whole picture","volume":"10","author":"E Nena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chron Respir Dis"}],"container-title":["Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2414-5487.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T23:36:46Z","timestamp":1737070606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2414-5487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2414-5487","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0947-7349","1439-3646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0947-7349","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]}}}