{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:37:22Z","timestamp":1769755042022,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n               Background\u2003The shape of the forehead is primarily determined by the frontal bone, which holds significance for health and aesthetics. This study evaluated the morphology of the frontal bone in different age groups and genders using computed tomography (CT).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n               Methods\u2003This cross-sectional study was conducted on CT scan results of 220 patients divided into three age groups: 20\u201329.27, 29.27\u201347.54, and 47.54\u201395 years. The investigation explored the lower and upper angles compared with the Sella\u2013Nasion (SN) line, the maximum frontal projection with Nasion in the SN plan, and the variations in frontal thickness across different angles (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90\u2009degrees) relative to the SN plane. All data were analyzed using R software, considering the significance level p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n               Results\u2003Of 220 patients, 119 were men, and the mean age of the participants was 41.09\u2009\u00b1\u200918.06 years. The average upper frontal slope (UFS) angle was 56.96\u2009\u00b1\u20098.17\u2009degrees, which was 59.35\u2009\u00b1\u20097.92\u2009degrees in females and 54.94\u2009\u00b1\u20097.86\u2009degrees in males. The mean lower frontal slope (LFS) angle was 86.30\u2009\u00b1\u20097.96\u2009degrees, which was 90.71\u2009\u00b1\u20096.67\u2009degrees in females and 82.55\u2009\u00b1\u20097.00\u2009degrees in males. The average contour nasion (C\u2013N) distance was 7.51\u2009\u00b1\u20093.72\u2009mm. Also, the frontal thickness at an angle of 15\u2009degrees had the highest value of 13.08\u2009\u00b1\u20092.68\u2009mm and at 30\u2009degrees had the lowest value of 5.81\u2009\u00b1\u20091.56\u2009mm. A significant difference was observed between the UFS and LFS among males and females (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Across all age groups, men exhibited a steeper angle, indicating a greater posterior inclination than women. Moreover, males with upper ages reported a significant increase in C\u2013N distance and frontal projection (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n               Conclusion\u2003Our findings emphasize the importance of considering gender-specific variations in frontal bone structure when planning cosmetic or reconstructive procedures involving the forehead.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2441-3849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T19:57:26Z","timestamp":1731355046000},"page":"531-539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Frontal Bone Morphology in Different Age and Gender Groups Using Computed Tomography"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Arnavaz","family":"Hajizadeh Barfejani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Noroozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5926-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Karagah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Tofangchiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farnaz","family":"Taghavi-Damghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahad","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.7181\/acfs.2015.16.2.58","article-title":"Morphology of the aging forehead: a three-dimensional computed tomographic study","volume":"16","author":"H S Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjy270","article-title":"Age and gender differences of the frontal bone: a computed tomographic (CT)-based study","volume":"39","author":"K Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg 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