{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T10:37:08Z","timestamp":1777631828607,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardioplegia, a therapy designed to induce reversible cardiac arrest, revolutionized cardiovascular surgery. Among the various pharmacological approaches is the histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution. Despite numerous studies, no meta-analysis has investigated the efficacy of the HTK solution in the pediatric population. Therefore, we aim to conduct a meta-analysis comparing HTK and other cardioplegia solutions in pediatric patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception through April 2024. Endpoints were computed in odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous variables, whereas continuous variables were compared using mean differences (MD) with 95% CI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 11 studies comprising 1,349 patients were included, of whom 677 (50.19%) received HTK cardioplegia. The results were similar between groups regarding mortality (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.29, 3.29), length of hospital stay (MD 0.32 days; 95% CI \u22120.88, 1.51), Mechanical ventilation (MV) (MD \u221217.72\u2009hours; 95% CI \u221251.29, 15.85), arrhythmias (OR 1.27; 95% CI 0.83, 1.95), and delayed sternal closure (OR 0.89; 95% 0.56, 1.43). However, transfusion volume was lower in the HTK group (MD \u2212452.39; 95% CI \u2212890.24, \u221214.53; p\u2009=\u20090.04).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The use of HTK solution was demonstrated to be similar regarding its clinical efficacy to other approaches for cardioplegia, and it may present advantages to patients prone to hypervolemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2461-3147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T09:48:44Z","timestamp":1730800124000},"page":"164-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HTK Solution Cardioplegia in Pediatric Patients: A Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1272-9192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorhayne Kerley Capuchinho Scalioni","family":"Galvao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais Medicine School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Clara Felix de Farias","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICID, Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole Pimenta dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Valeriano","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Minas Gerais Medicine School, Belo Horizonte, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Belisa Brunow Ventura","family":"Biavatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro Costa Esteves Almuinha","family":"Salles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Horbert Soares","family":"Mendonca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevent Senior Private Health Operator, Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"09","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01418","article-title":"Eisenmenger syndrome: not always inoperable","volume":"57","author":"J B Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4814","article-title":"Clinical comparative analysis of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution and St. Thomas crystalloid cardioplegia: a 12-year study from a single institution","volume":"14","author":"Y Z Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Ther 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cardioplegic solution on the long-term ischemic period in pediatric heart surgery","volume":"54","author":"J Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2018.09.140","article-title":"Comparison of del Nido and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate cardioplegia solutions in pediatric patients undergoing open heart surgery: a prospective randomized clinical trial","volume":"157","author":"S Talwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12771","article-title":"Clinical assessment of histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution and modified St. Thomas' solution in pediatric cardiac surgery of tetralogy of Fallot","volume":"41","author":"Z H Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif Organs"}],"container-title":["The Thoracic and Cardiovascular 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