{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T16:49:09Z","timestamp":1754153349475,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rofo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) in combination with computed tomography (CT) are increasingly being used in biomedical research involving small animal models. The handling of open radioactive substances (radiopharmaceuticals) necessary for PET imaging requires prior official authorization for handling, the application of radiation protection principles, and regular training. The overriding aim of radiation protection is to protect the personnel directly involved, other persons, and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This paper aims to provide an overview of the regulatory requirements of the Radiation Protection Act (StrlSchG), the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV), and the associated standards and guidelines. Furthermore, their implementation in practical work in small animal imaging using PET\/CT is shown. We will focus on the individual steps of the imaging process, from delivery of the radiopharmaceuticals to waste disposal. This should provide interested researchers with an initial overview of the safe and successful use of the method. In addition, exposure values from the last six years in the literature were analyzed. While personal dosimetric monitoring in clinical PET\/CT imaging has been extensively published, there is no published data known to us for personnel for PET\/CT research with small animals. The evaluation of the personal dosimetric monitoring of our small animal imaging facility with 7 employees over 4 years revealed an increased personal and finger dose normalized to the injected activity and compared to human PET\/CT imaging. Nevertheless, the annual personal dose or annual finger dose in small animal imaging (Hp(10): 1.7 mSv, Hp(0.07): 64 mSv) is lower than for personnel performing human PET\/CT imaging at the local University Department of Nuclear Medicine (Hp(10): 3.8 mSv, Hp(0.07): 156 mSv) or published values, and is well below the legally permissible maximum dose of 20 or 500 mSv per year.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The increasing use of PET\/CT in small animal research can be safely utilized if the radiation protection principles are implemented and continuously trained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2462-2419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T19:23:41Z","timestamp":1733340221000},"page":"913-925","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radiation protection and personal dosimetry in a core facility for multimodal small animal imaging"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7587-8318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Schildt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"S\u00e4nger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Protection Office, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"L\u00fctgens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Protection Office, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Polei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Lappe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Joksch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernd Joachim","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Vollmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3918-8066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc-Andr\u00e9","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7826-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1153","article-title":"In vivo mouse imaging and spectroscopy in drug discovery","volume":"20","author":"N Beckmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2005.0101","article-title":"Translational molecular imaging for cancer","volume":"5 Spec No A","author":"MG Pomper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677217695852","article-title":"State of the art in vivo imaging techniques for laboratory animals","volume":"51","author":"DT Lauber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2021.11.006","article-title":"Radiation Safety and Accidental Radiation Exposures in Nuclear Medicine","volume":"52","author":"M Marengo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"volume-title":"Small Animal Imaging","year":"2010","author":"F Kiessling","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596509","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.596509","article-title":"Role of Nuclear Imaging to Understand the Neural Substrates of Brain Disorders in Laboratory Animals: Current Status and Future Prospects","volume":"14","author":"A D'Elia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.23736\/S1824-4785.22.03504-X","article-title":"Extremity exposure of nuclear medicine workers: results from an EANM and EURADOS survey","volume":"67","author":"L Cunha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/35\/1\/197","article-title":"Investigation of radiation protection of medical staff performing medical diagnostic examinations by using PET\/CT technique","volume":"35","author":"M Wrzesie\u0144","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nch301","article-title":"Task-specific monitoring of nuclear medicine technologists\u2019 radiation exposure","volume":"109","author":"R Smart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31030\/3238648"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31030\/2534936"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31030\/3096937"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"623","article-title":"BMUB-Richtlinie f\u00fcr die physikalische Strahlenschutzkontrolle zur Ermittlung der K\u00f6rperdosen, Teil 2: Ermittlung der K\u00f6rperdosis bei innerer Strahlenexposition (Inkorporations\u00fcberwachung) (\u00a7\u00a7 40, 41 und 42 StrlSchV)","year":"2007","journal-title":"GMBl"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0800-0113","article-title":"Pers\u00f6nliche Strahlenschutzmittel und Dosimetrie des medizinischen Personals in der interventionellen Radiologie: Aktueller Status und neue Entwicklungen","volume":"191","author":"AM K\u00f6nig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr302","article-title":"A study on occupational exposure in a PET\/CT facility","volume":"147","author":"S Vargas Castrill\u00f3n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncl141","article-title":"Doses to nuclear technicians in a dedicated PET\/CT centre utilising 18F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)","volume":"123","author":"T Seierstad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109144","article-title":"Occupational radiation exposure of health professionals and cancer risk assessment for Lithuanian nuclear medicine workers","volume":"183","author":"D Adliene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncx276","article-title":"OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE FROM F-18-FDG PET\/CT: IMPLEMENTATION TO ROUTINE CLINICAL PRACTICE","volume":"179","author":"PF Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac8885","article-title":"Personal dosimetry for positron emitters, and occupational exposures from clinical use of gallium-68","volume":"42","author":"J Eakins","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.119.241398","article-title":"The Effects on Technologist Occupational Exposure in PET\/CT Departments When Working with Students at Various Levels of Supervision","volume":"48","author":"J Farkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nucl Med Technol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac31a2","article-title":"Review of extremity dosimetry in nuclear medicine","volume":"41","author":"R Kollaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/acb263","article-title":"Finger doses due to68Ga-labelled pharmaceuticals in PET departments-results of a multi-centre pilot study","volume":"43","author":"A McCann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.4102\/hsag.v28i0.2211","article-title":"Radiation exposure of Staff handling 18Fluorine-Fluorodeoxyglucose in a new positron emission tomography\/computed tomography centre","volume":"28","author":"L Mosima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health SA"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2478\/aiht-2021-72-3517","article-title":"Nuclear medicine staff exposure to ionising radiation in 18F-FDG PET\/CT practice: a preliminary retrospective study","volume":"72","author":"B Pavi\u010dar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arh Hig Rada Toksikol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-022-00505-8","article-title":"Occupational radiation exposure assessment during the management of 68GaGa-DOTA-TOC","volume":"9","author":"M Riveira-Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/aba082","article-title":"Radiation dose of nuclear medicine technicians performing PET\/MR","volume":"40","author":"M Soret","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ac5e50","article-title":"Radiation dose to nuclear medicine technologists when operating PET\/MR compared with PET\/CT","volume":"42","author":"M Soret","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Radiol Prot"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2020.109466","article-title":"Ambient and personnel occupational dose assessment in a Hospital's PET\/CT center","volume":"169","author":"WW Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Radiat Isot"}],"container-title":["R\u00f6Fo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der R\u00f6ntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2462-2419.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T22:43:30Z","timestamp":1753224210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2462-2419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"08","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2462-2419","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-9029","1438-9010"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1438-9029"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1438-9010"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]}}}