{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:43:50Z","timestamp":1791510230569,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ocular motor mononeuropathies affect cranial nerves III, IV and VI and are more\n                    frequent in diabetes mellitus, with oculomotor nerve involvement being\n                    predominant. This narrative brief review discusses the clinical manifestations,\n                    diagnosis and management of ocular motor mononeuropathies in subjects with\n                    diabetes. Clinical manifestations often include ptosis, diplopia, and\n                    periorbital pain. Pupillary sparing is a characteristic of third nerve palsy.\n                    Differential diagnosis may be challenging due to overlapping symptoms with nerve\n                    palsies of other aetiologies. Treatment includes optimised glycaemic control and\n                    management of vascular risk factors. Neuroprotective agents, mainly alpha-lipoic\n                    acid and botulinum toxin A have been occasionally used, as well. Spontaneous\n                    recovery is seen in many cases. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2463-7075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T01:09:03Z","timestamp":1731028143000},"page":"73-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ocular Motor Mononeuropathies in Diabetes Mellitus: A Brief\n                    Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Pantazopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department\n                    of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of\n                    Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evanthia","family":"Gouveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department\n                    of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of\n                    Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Papazoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department\n                    of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of\n                    Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7320-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Papanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department\n                    of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of\n                    Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0092-1","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"E L Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e080322201913","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399818666220308161023","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and Bell\u2019s palsy","volume":"19","author":"I Stamatiou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(90)90077-7","article-title":"Characteristics of cranial nerve palsies in diabetic patients","volume":"10","author":"K Watanabe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1458","article-title":"Diabetic somatic neuropathies","volume":"27","author":"A J Boulton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Cranial Nerve III Palsy. 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compression of a large\n                    posterior communicating artery aneurysm","volume":"52","author":"Y Motoyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case report. Neurol Med Chir"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.1c259.x","article-title":"Dissection of the intracranial internal carotid artery producing isolated\n                    oculomotor nerve palsy with sparing of pupil","volume":"105","author":"V Hegde","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"e1443","article-title":"Teaching neuroimages: pupil-sparing oculomotor nerve palsy with posterior\n                    communicating artery aneurysm","volume":"95","author":"H K Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8739","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008739","article-title":"Ptosis as the only manifestation of diabetic superior division oculomotor nerve\n                    palsy: A case report","volume":"96","author":"P Y Chou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Simulataneous bilateral occulomotor nerve paralysis: An unusual manifestation of\n                    diabetes mellitus","volume":"47","author":"S Chauhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"353","article-title":"Isolated abducens nerve palsy: Comparison of microvascular and other causes","volume":"9","author":"Y Erdal","year":"2022","journal-title":"North Clin Istanb"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00542-6","article-title":"Retinopathy in patients with diabetic ophthalmoplegia","volume":"110","author":"L Trigler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C38","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2017.78.3.C38","article-title":"Trochlear nerve palsy","volume":"78","author":"P Morillon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0504","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy--a review","volume":"3","author":"G Said","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-006-0205-7","article-title":"Simultaneous, painless, homolateral oculomotor and trochlear nerve palsies in a\n                    patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 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