{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T23:10:03Z","timestamp":1750979403336,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pneumologie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Zusammenfassung<\/jats:title><jats:p>Im Gegensatz zum Menschen ist der Ort der Lautbildung bei V\u00f6geln nicht der Kehlkopf, sondern der sog. \u201eStimmkopf\u201c (wissenschaftliche Name \u201eSyrinx\u201c). Bei einigen Arten ist der Syrinx an der Bifurkation der Trachea in die beiden Hauptbronchien (trachealer Stimmkopf), bei anderen Arten in den Hauptbronchien (bronchialer Stimmkopf) lokalisiert. Bei der Inspiration str\u00f6mt ein Teil der Luft in die Lunge, der zum Singen ben\u00f6tigte Teil in die der Lunge benachbarten Lufts\u00e4cke. W\u00e4hrend der Exspiration verl\u00e4sst die Luft die Lufts\u00e4cke, str\u00f6mt durch die Syrinx, wo dann der Gesang entsteht. Wenn V\u00f6gel gleichzeitig zweistimmig singen, werden einzelne Sequenzen simultan im rechten und linken Anteil der Syrinx gebildet.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Die Gesangsanalyse erfolgt mittels Spektrogrammen (sog. Sonagrammen), die den zeitlichen Verlauf des Frequenzspektrums des Vogelgesangs grafisch darstellen.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Der Gesang besteht aus einer oder mehreren Strophen, die ihrerseits aus der variablen bzw. konstanten Abfolge von Motiven oder Silben aufgebaut sind. Einige Singv\u00f6gel verf\u00fcgen \u00fcber ein enormes Silben- und Strophenrepertoire (max. bis zu 7000 Strophen\/Tag). Bei den meisten Vogelarten existieren neben dem Gesang auch deutlich einfachere Bettel-, Kontakt-, Droh-, Flug-, Alarm- und Kopulationsrufe.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Der Gesang der m\u00e4nnlichen V\u00f6gel hat vorwiegend zwei Funktionen: 1.\u2006Mithilfe des Gesangs wird um eine m\u00f6gliche Partnerin geworben. Den Weibchen liefert der Gesang wichtige Informationen \u00fcber Leistungsf\u00e4higkeit und Gesundheitszustand des Bewerbers. 2.\u2006Der Gesang dient der Revierverteidigung.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Bei ca. 40\u200a% der Singvogelarten singen auch die Weibchen. P\u00e4rchen mancher Singvogelart singen perfekt synchronisiert.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Eine ganze Reihe von Singv\u00f6geln imitiert sowohl die Stimmen anderer Singv\u00f6gel als auch Umgebungsger\u00e4usche und viele Singv\u00f6gel besitzen regionale Dialekte.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Die Gesangsentwicklung h\u00e4ngt neben genetischen von weiteren Faktoren, wie z.\u200aB. Umwelt, Stoffwechsel und hormonellem Einfluss, ab. Sie verl\u00e4uft schrittweise und beinhaltet initial relativ primitive Sequenzen (sog. \u201esubsongs\u201c), f\u00fchrt dann \u00fcber komplexere Zwischenformen (\u201eplastic songs\u201c) zum vollendeten Gesangsmuster (\u201efull songs\u201c).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Jungv\u00f6gel lernen den Gesang ihrer Art bereits zu einem Zeitpunkt, an dem sie selbst noch gar nicht singen, oft bereits im Alter von 10\u201350 Tagen durch Pr\u00e4gung von \u00e4lteren Artgenossen, gew\u00f6hnlich den V\u00e4tern.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In einem Netzwerk aus sensomotorischen Neuronen im Vorderhorn entwickelt sich der Gesang der Jungv\u00f6gel auf der Basis der Schablone des Erwachsenengesangs.<\/jats:p><jats:p>F\u00fcr das Sprachlernen des Menschen bieten Singv\u00f6gel, insbesondere der Zebrafink, das derzeit beste Modell bzgl. neuronaler Mechanismen des Sprachlernens. Bei V\u00f6geln orchestriert das sog. \u201eHigh Vocal Center\u201c (HVC) alle f\u00fcr den Gesang relevanten Hirnregionen, wobei die neuronale Kontrolle des Gesangs sensitiv f\u00fcr Geschlechtshormone ist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2463-7380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T23:48:26Z","timestamp":1738367306000},"page":"427-438","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bedeutung und\u00a0Mechanismen\u00a0des Vogelgesangs: Inspiration f\u00fcr die Pneumologie"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Bernd","family":"Sch\u00f6nhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Pneumologie und Infektiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Gahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Biologische Intelligenz, Seewiesen, 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