{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:09:16Z","timestamp":1787497756677,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Jouf University","award":["DGSSR-2024-01-01041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGSSR-2024-01-01041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this study is to investigate facial symmetry aesthetics (FSA) in the Saudi Arabian population using artificial intelligence (AI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Two hundred and ten people from a range of demographic backgrounds participated in an observational cross-sectional study that was done at a hospital. Standardized posed photos of the face and smile were taken using a Canon camera utilizing a stratified random sample approach. Webceph software (Korea) with AI was used to evaluate macro, micro, and tiny aesthetic factors. The data were analyzed using paired t-tests, post hoc Bonferroni testing, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and descriptive statistics. The computation of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) was utilized to assess the dependability of AI evaluations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>All variables had ICCs of more than 0.97, indicating exceptional dependability for the AI-based evaluations. Between the Class I and Class III malocclusion groups, there were significant variations in right mandibular body length (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with Class III patients exhibiting greater values. While no significant changes were identified for other characteristics, paired t-tests showed a significant divergence in mandibular body length between the right and left sides (p\u2009=\u20090.001). In Class III malocclusion, there was a significant preference for right deviation in the direction of mandibular deviation (p\u2009=\u20090.005). These results imply that AI is capable of accurately identifying some anatomical characteristics associated with face aesthetics, especially when it comes to differentiating between Class III malocclusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In conclusion, the Saudi Arabian population's facial symmetry assessments via AI have demonstrated a high degree of reliability and consistency. Notably, the length of the mandible on the right side has emerged as a crucial feature in discriminating between malocclusion classes. The study emphasizes how AI might improve the accuracy of assessments of face aesthetics and our knowledge of facial features connected to malocclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2464-3717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T20:29:09Z","timestamp":1731356949000},"page":"677-688","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Artificial Intelligence-based Assessment of Facial Symmetry Aesthetics of Saudi Arabian Population"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7131-1752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Khursheed","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthodontics, Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Ali","family":"Alfawzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic and Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-021-00975-z","article-title":"Assessing facial symmetry and attractiveness using augmented reality","volume":"25","author":"W Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pattern Anal Appl"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44655-9","article-title":"Subjectivity and complexity of facial attractiveness","volume":"9","author":"M Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Berganza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref3","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Anxiety level recognition for virtual reality therapy system using physiological signals","volume":"8","author":"J \u0160alkevicius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electronics (Basel)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.12.014","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of facial asymmetry using dense correspondence, symmetry, and midline analysis","volume":"158","author":"V Lum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biodatasci-122120-111413","article-title":"Static and motion facial analysis for craniofacial assessment and diagnosing diseases","volume":"5","author":"H Matthews","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"e4700","article-title":"Discord between the facial and maxillary midline and intermaxillary midline among the population of asir, Saudi Arabia","volume":"19","author":"M F Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11050125","article-title":"Evaluation of attitudes and perceptions in students about the use of artificial intelligence in dentistry","volume":"11","author":"M Karan-Romero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11101480","article-title":"Responsible use of artificial intelligence in dentistry: survey on dentists' and final-year undergraduates' perspectives","volume":"11","author":"J Roganovi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9751564","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9751564","article-title":"Artificial intelligence techniques: analysis, application, and outcome in dentistry\u2014a systematic review","volume":"2021","author":"N Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2020.06.019","article-title":"Developments, application, and performance of artificial intelligence in dentistry - a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"S B Khanagar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dent Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10071269","article-title":"Where is the artificial intelligence applied in dentistry? 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