{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T04:05:52Z","timestamp":1784347552958,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of interpregnancy interval (IPI) on the gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) recurrence rate in the subsequent pregnancies following an initial pregnancy complicated by GDM.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A multicenter, retrospective cohort study was conducted. The study included women diagnosed with GDM during their index pregnancy who subsequently delivered between 26 and 42 weeks of gestation from 2005 to 2021. The study population was categorized into eight groups according to their IPIs: up to 3, 3\u20135, 6\u201311, 12\u201317, 18\u201323, 24\u201335, 36\u201347, and over 48 months. We examined the recurrence rate of GDM in the different groups while comparing it to the 18\u201323-month group that was defined as the reference group. Statistical analyses included univariate analyses and multiple logistic regression.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Out of 3,532 women who were included in the study, 1,776 (50.3%) experienced GDM recurrence in subsequent pregnancy. The recurrence rate was 44.6% for women IPI &lt;6 months, 42.6% for women IPI of 6\u201311 months, 48.0% for women IPI of 12\u201317 months, 49.7% for women IPI of 18\u201323 months, 58.0% for women IPI of 24\u201347 months, and 62.6% for women IPI above 48 months. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that IPIs of 24\u201347 months and over 48 months were significantly associated with higher recurrence rates as compared with the 18\u201323-month reference group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.66 [1.04\u20132.64] and 3.15 [1.07\u20139.29], respectively). This analysis also revealed other independent risk factors for GDM recurrence, including medication-controlled GDM in the index pregnancy, obesity, maternal age, parity, and gravidity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Longer IPIs (over 24 months) are associated with an increased risk of GDM recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. These findings suggest that clinicians should consider IPI while managing postpartum care and planning future pregnancies for women with a history of GDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2480-5407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T02:18:43Z","timestamp":1732241923000},"page":"1249-1256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longer Interpregnancy Interval Is Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Recurrence"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Tzuria","family":"Peled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniella","family":"Federmesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Military Medicine and \u201cTzameret,\u201d Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel"},{"name":"Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Mazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9859-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hen Y.","family":"Sela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorina","family":"Grisaru-Granovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4875-1455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Misgav","family":"Rottenstreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0828-y","article-title":"Sedentary behavior, gestational diabetes mellitus, and type 2 diabetes risk: where do we stand?","volume":"52","author":"S T Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.12775\/QS.2023.11.01.001","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus - pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis","volume":"11","author":"E Zygmuny-Siembida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Qual Sport"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342","article-title":"The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"J F Plows","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","first-page":"112","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"S Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kerala Med J"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040569","article-title":"Recurrent gestational diabetes mellitus: a narrative review and single-center experience","volume":"10","author":"A M Egan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e067946","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067946","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"377","author":"W Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.11628","article-title":"Association of gestational diabetes with maternal disorders of glucose metabolism and childhood adiposity","volume":"320","author":"W LJ Lowe Jr","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.203331","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"59","author":"D R Coustan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-022-06855-z","article-title":"Prediction of recurrent gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"307","author":"S Hahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-023-00149-2","article-title":"Significant risk of repeat adverse outcomes in recurrent gestational diabetes pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"S L Lau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"7237777","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its correlation with maternal and infant prognosis","volume":"2022","author":"X Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002036","article-title":"Risk of gestational diabetes recurrence and the development of type 2 diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes and risk factors: a study among 18 clinical centers in China","volume":"135","author":"Y Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204794","article-title":"Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: to assess glucose metabolism and clinical risk factors at the beginning of a subsequent pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"G Kotzaeridi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref14","first-page":"485","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"115","author":"T A Buchanan","year":"2005","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2008.04.007","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"S K Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5441-0_4","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"771","author":"K Imam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22290-1","article-title":"Interpregnancy interval and maternal and neonatal morbidity: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"12","author":"H M\u00fchlrad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815390","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.815390","article-title":"Annual body mass index gain and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in a subsequent pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"S Tano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10545","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2022.2134770","article-title":"Association of interpregnancy interval and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"35","author":"J S Chou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/FM9.0000000000000150","article-title":"Risk factors for gdm in subsequent pregnancy among women without GDM history in China: a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"5","author":"G Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matern Fetal Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3126\/njog.v15i1.29343","article-title":"Effect of inter-pregnancy interval on maternal and fetal outcome","volume":"15","author":"P Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nepal J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.03.011","article-title":"The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus recurrence\u2013effect of ethnicity and parity: a meta-analysis","volume":"213","author":"N Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.11.1098","article-title":"Interpregnancy Care","volume":"220","author":"J M Louis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e140","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002633","article-title":"ACOG Committee Opinion No. 736: Optimizing postpartum care","volume":"131","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1087-2","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for gestational diabetes recurrence","volume":"54","author":"N Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0922-9","article-title":"Risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus recurrence: a meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"N Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0349-4","article-title":"Frequency and risk factors for recurrent gestational diabetes mellitus in primiparous women: a case control study","volume":"19","author":"Y Y Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2517","article-title":"Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"C Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e046962","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046962","article-title":"Association between interpregnancy interval and pregnancy complications by history of complications: a population-based cohort study","volume":"11","author":"A T Gebremedhin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23083","article-title":"Interpregnancy weight change and gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"J A Mart\u00ednez-Hortelano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e025008","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025008","article-title":"Effects of interpregnancy interval on pregnancy complications: protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"A T Gebremedhin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0384","article-title":"Subsequent pregnancy after gestational diabetes mellitus: frequency and risk factors for recurrence in Korean women","volume":"31","author":"S H Kwak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001728","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001728","article-title":"Changes in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion during pregnancy and post partum in women with gestational diabetes","volume":"8","author":"G O Skajaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0262852","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262852","article-title":"\u201cPost-GDM support would be really good for mothers\u201d: a qualitative interview study exploring how to support a healthy diet and physical activity after gestational diabetes","volume":"17","author":"R A Dennison","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100330","article-title":"Effects of dietary approaches and exercise interventions on gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.15521","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of an early postnatal lifestyle modification program on diet, adiposity and metabolic outcome in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"166","author":"K Y Tsoi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S282","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S015","article-title":"15. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of care in diabetes-2024","volume":"47","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2480-5407.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T22:31:20Z","timestamp":1751927480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2480-5407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2480-5407","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1631","1098-8785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1631","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]}}}