{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T10:39:04Z","timestamp":1778582344318,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction\u2003Erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks, thoracic epidural, and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) have all been used for perioperative pain management in the Nuss procedure without a consensus on what modality produces the best outcomes. Intercostal nerve cryoablation (INC) is a relatively new modality that involves freezing the nerves to prevent pain during recovery. Our hypothesis is that using INC for the Nuss procedure will decrease opioid use, pain scores, and length of stay (LOS) but will increase cost compared with ESP block, thoracic epidural, and PCA.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Materials and Methods\u2003This retrospective, observational study compared 108 patients who underwent the Nuss procedure at a pediatric acute care children's hospital in the southeast US. Patient charts were evaluated for significant differences in LOS, opioid use, and reported pain ratings based on type of analgesia administered: INC (n\u2009=\u200930), ESP block (n\u2009=\u200919), thoracic epidural (n\u2009=\u200941), and PCA (n\u2009=\u200918). Secondary variables included emergency department visits, readmissions, opioid refills, and various anesthetic and operative costs. Analysis of variance was performed on all outcome measures.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Average LOS was significantly decreased in the INC group (2.9 days) compared with the thoracic epidural (4.7 days, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and the PCA groups (3.7 days, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Average cumulative opioid use was significantly decreased in the INC group (50.4 morphine milligram equivalents [MME]) compared with the thoracic epidural (117 MME, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and PCA groups (172.1 MME, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusions\u2003This study suggests that INC can be a viable and cost-effective option for reducing postoperative opioid consumption and LOS in Nuss procedure patients. Pain perception was lower in the INC group compared with the rest of the groups, except the epidurals, which were similar. However, the opioid consumption of the INC group was significantly lower than any other group. Despite the INC group having higher initial costs, it did not result in the highest total hospital charges, indicating its potential cost-effectiveness. There is a need for larger prospective randomized controlled trials to guide future research efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2490-1091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T23:56:28Z","timestamp":1734652588000},"page":"240-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intercostal Nerve Cryoablation as an Effective Pain Management Strategy in the Nuss Procedure: Reducing Opioid Use and Hospital Stay"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5242-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisgelia","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, Florida, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Abels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Student, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Driggers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Student, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, Florida, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"ref1","first-page":"CD008889","article-title":"Surgical interventions for treating pectus excavatum","volume":"2014","author":"P E de Oliveira Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","first-page":"106","article-title":"Pectus excavatum: a review of diagnosis and current treatment 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