{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T18:14:09Z","timestamp":1758046449502,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"13","funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["HD11725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD11725"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 DK109956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK109956"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Diabetes in Pregnancy Program Project Grant (PPG) was a 15-year program focused on enhancing the care for women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) during pregnancy and improving the well-being of their offspring. Launched in July 1978 at the University of Cincinnati, the PPG pursued a multifaceted research agenda encompassing basic science, animal and placental studies, and maternal and neonatal clinical trials to understand the physiological and pathophysiological aspects of IDDM during pregnancy. A total of 402 singleton pregnancies in 259 women with IDDM were enrolled prior to 10 weeks gestation over the 15-year period. Of the 402 pregnancies, there were 295 live births, 1 stillbirth, 4 neonatal deaths, and 15 infants were born with major congenital malformations. Central to the program's methodology was the management of diabetes during pregnancy, involving intensive insulin therapy and meticulous monitoring using the cutting-edge technology of the time to achieve glycemic control. The extensive research of the PPG yielded profound insights into the effects of maternal diabetes on embryonic and fetal development and neonatal health. Through animal studies, notably using pregnant sheep, the program clarified the mechanisms of fetal hypoxia and metabolic disorders. Clinical trials underscored the significance of early glycemic control in mitigating the risks of spontaneous abortions, congenital malformations, and neonatal complications. The program also examined the influence of pregnancy on the progression of microvascular diseases, the role of maternal weight and weight gain in pregnancy outcomes, and the distinctive growth patterns of fetuses in IDDM pregnancies. Furthermore, the PPG probed the incidence and underlying mechanisms of hypoglycemia during pregnancy and the heightened risk of obstetric complications in IDDM patients. Our findings established a foundation of knowledge to aid clinicians, researchers, and health care providers in best practices and ensure a lasting impact on the care of pregnant women with pregestational diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2490-3118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T18:46:36Z","timestamp":1735065996000},"page":"1681-1703","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Queen City Legacy: 45 Years of Research in Pregnant Women with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, The Diabetes in Pregnancy Program Project Grant"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jane C.","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menachem","family":"Miodovnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inova Health System, Fairfax, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis B.","family":"Mimouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Szcznesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barak","family":"Rosenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jersey City Medical Center, West New York, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"08","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90637-9","article-title":"High malformation rates and decreased mortality in infants of diabetic mothers managed after the first trimester of pregnancy (1956-1978)","volume":"148","author":"J L Ballard","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","first-page":"14","article-title":"A focused preconceptional and early pregnancy program in women with type 1 diabetes reduces perinatal mortality and malformation rates to general population levels","volume":"9","author":"S S McElvy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(78)90109-9","article-title":"A rapid method for the determination of glycosylated hemoglobins using high pressure liquid chromatography","volume":"27","author":"R A Cole","year":"1978","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/28.1.13","article-title":"Hemoglobin A1 in hemolysates from healthy and insulin-dependent diabetic children, as determined with a temperature-controlled minicolumn assay","volume":"28","author":"L A Kaplan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80734-9","article-title":"A simplified score for assessment of fetal maturation of newly born infants","volume":"95","author":"J L Ballard","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90232-0","article-title":"Effect of maternal ketoacidemia on the pregnant ewe and the fetus","volume":"144","author":"M Miodovnik","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999716","article-title":"Review of fetal cardiovascular and metabolic responses to diabetic insults in the pregnant ewe","volume":"5","author":"K E Clark","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90678-2","article-title":"Effect of maternal hyperketonemia in hyperglycemic pregnant ewes and their fetuses","volume":"154","author":"M Miodovnik","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90233-2","article-title":"Cardiovascular and biochemical effects of infusion of beta hydroxybutyrate into the fetal lamb","volume":"144","author":"M Miodovnik","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"H1098","article-title":"Effect of graded reductions in uteroplacental blood flow on the fetal lamb","volume":"249","author":"C A Skillman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90203-2","article-title":"Alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in the pregnant ewe: metabolic and cardiovascular effects on the mother and her fetus","volume":"160","author":"M Miodovnik","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266017","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2023.1266017","article-title":"Pregnancy and diabetic ketoacidosis: fetal jeopardy and windows of opportunity","volume":"4","author":"A Coetzee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Healthc"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001103900314","article-title":"Polycythaemia in infants of diabetic mothers: \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate stimulates erythropoietic activity","volume":"39","author":"H Cetin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111412","article-title":"Effects of chronic fetal hyperglycemia upon oxygen consumption in the ovine uterus and conceptus","volume":"74","author":"A F Philipps","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81662-2","article-title":"Nucleated erythrocytes in healthy infants and in infants of diabetic mothers","volume":"116","author":"D W Green","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80449-4","article-title":"Neonatal hematocrit and maternal glycemic control in insulin-dependent diabetes","volume":"120","author":"D W Green","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-198609000-00016","article-title":"Neonatal polycythemia in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers","volume":"68","author":"F Mimouni","year":"1986","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999750","article-title":"Management of the insulin-dependent diabetic during labor and delivery. Influences on neonatal outcome","volume":"4","author":"M Miodovnik","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80282-8","article-title":"Perinatal asphyxia in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers","volume":"113","author":"F Mimouni","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(11)90608-5","article-title":"Progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: association with hypertension in pregnancy","volume":"166","author":"B Rosenn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70660-9","article-title":"Does pregnancy increase the risk for development and progression of diabetic nephropathy?","volume":"174","author":"M Miodovnik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.626924","article-title":"Association of vaginal delivery efforts with retinal disease in women with type I diabetes","volume":"25","author":"M Feghali","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.11.4.238.244","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome and progression of diabetic nephropathy. What's next?","volume":"11","author":"J C Khoury","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.066","article-title":"The association of intrauterine growth abnormalities in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus complicated by vasculopathy","volume":"199","author":"S Haeri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref26","first-page":"587","article-title":"Fetal weight and progression of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"97","author":"S S McElvy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.13.1.34","article-title":"Effect of pregnancy on progression of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"B E Klein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.8.1084","article-title":"Effect of pregnancy on microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial","volume":"23","author":"Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1586506","article-title":"Prepregnancy weight in women with type i diabetes mellitus: Effect on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"33","author":"T Kawakita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1585420","article-title":"Characterizing gestational weight gain according to institute of medicine guidelines in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Association with maternal and perinatal outcome","volume":"33","author":"T Kawakita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00713","article-title":"Assessing the impact of excessive gestational weight gain among women with type 1 diabetes on overweight\/obesity in their adolescent and young adult offspring: a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"K L McWhorter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.626925","article-title":"Asymmetric large for gestational age newborns in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus: is maternal obesity a culprit?","volume":"25","author":"M N Feghali","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref33","first-page":"170","article-title":"The impact of maternal obesity on maternal and fetal health","volume":"1","author":"M A Leddy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(01)00080-3","article-title":"Dietary fiber intakes and insulin requirements in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"101","author":"H J Kalkwarf","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.8.1264","article-title":"Preserved GLP-I effects on glycogen synthase a activity and glucose metabolism in isolated hepatocytes and skeletal muscle from diabetic rats","volume":"46","author":"M Morales","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.12.1433","article-title":"Enteral enhancement of glucose disposition by both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent processes. A physiological role of glucagon-like peptide I","volume":"44","author":"D A D'Alessio","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.59.1.257","article-title":"Enteroglucagon","volume":"59","author":"J J Holst","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90164-3","article-title":"Effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 (proglucagon 78\u2013107 amide) on hepatic glucose production in healthy man","volume":"43","author":"A Hvidberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050310001650716","article-title":"Consequences of smoking and caffeine consumption during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"J C Khoury","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(84)80141-6","article-title":"Spontaneous abortion among insulin-dependent diabetic women","volume":"150","author":"M Miodovnik","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90083-3","article-title":"Elevated maternal glycohemoglobin in early pregnancy and spontaneous abortion among insulin-dependent diabetic women","volume":"153","author":"M Miodovnik","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref42","first-page":"75","article-title":"Spontaneous abortions in repeat diabetic pregnancies: a relationship with glycemic control","volume":"75","author":"M Miodovnik","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999482","article-title":"Histopathology of spontaneous abortion in diabetic pregnancies","volume":"7","author":"R W Bendon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.11.9.713","article-title":"Major malformations in infants of IDDM women. Vasculopathy and early first-trimester poor glycemic control","volume":"11","author":"M Miodovnik","year":"1988","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199011000-00003","article-title":"Minor congenital malformations in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic women: association with poor glycemic control","volume":"76","author":"B Rosenn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref46","first-page":"515","article-title":"Glycemic thresholds for spontaneous abortion and congenital malformations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"84","author":"B Rosenn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref47","first-page":"846","article-title":"Pre-conception management of insulin-dependent diabetes: improvement of pregnancy outcome","volume":"77","author":"B Rosenn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","first-page":"87","article-title":"Patient experience in a diabetic program project improves subsequent pregnancy outcome","volume":"77","author":"B Rosenn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"25","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812223192501","article-title":"Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception","volume":"319","author":"J L Mills","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.12.2819","article-title":"Outcomes in type 1 diabetic pregnancies: a nationwide, population-based study","volume":"27","author":"D M Jensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00665.x","article-title":"St Vincent's Declaration 10 years on: outcomes of diabetic pregnancies","volume":"19","author":"M J Platt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90117-7","article-title":"Predictive value of early pregnancy glycohemoglobin in the insulin-treated diabetic patient","volume":"156","author":"T C Key","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420390303","article-title":"First-trimester hemoglobin A1 and risk for major malformation and spontaneous abortion in diabetic pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"M F Greene","year":"1989","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.5.514","article-title":"Pre-conception care of diabetes, congenital malformations, and spontaneous abortions","volume":"19","author":"J L Kitzmiller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1989.10720297","article-title":"Biphasic intrauterine growth in insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies","volume":"8","author":"T A Siddiqi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83503-6","article-title":"Diabetic fetal macrosomia: significance of disproportionate growth","volume":"122","author":"J L Ballard","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1249362","article-title":"Asymmetric large-for-gestational-age infants of type 1 diabetic women: morbidity and abdominal growth","volume":"27","author":"S Bollepalli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.5.872","article-title":"Deficient counterregulation: a possible risk factor for excessive fetal growth in IDDM pregnancies","volume":"20","author":"B M Rosenn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999322","article-title":"Birth trauma in insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies","volume":"9","author":"F Mimouni","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1585055","article-title":"Placental weight in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the association with fetal growth","volume":"33","author":"S Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199008023230505","article-title":"Transplacental passage of insulin in pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Its role in fetal macrosomia","volume":"323","author":"R K Menon","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref62","first-page":"590","article-title":"Human versus animal insulin in the management of insulin-dependent diabetes: lack of effect on fetal growth","volume":"78","author":"B Rosenn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(94)00415-A","article-title":"Hypoglycemia: the price of intensive insulin therapy for pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus pregnancies","volume":"85","author":"B Rosenn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00495-5","article-title":"Counterregulatory hormonal responses to hypoglycemia during pregnancy","volume":"87","author":"B M Rosenn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(93)90269-3","article-title":"Poor glycemic control and antepartum obstetric complications in women with insulin-dependent diabetes","volume":"43","author":"B Rosenn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.11.4.245.248","article-title":"Spontaneous preterm delivery in the type 1 diabetic pregnancy: the role of glycemic control","volume":"11","author":"O Kovilam","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref67","first-page":"621","article-title":"Treatment of premature labor in insulin-dependent diabetic women","volume":"65","author":"M Miodovnik","year":"1985","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref68","first-page":"175","article-title":"High spontaneous premature labor rate in insulin-dependent diabetic pregnant women: an association with poor glycemic control and urogenital infection","volume":"72","author":"F Mimouni","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref69","first-page":"514","article-title":"Hypertension during pregnancy in insulin-dependent diabetic women","volume":"77","author":"T Siddiqi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90694-3","article-title":"High infectious morbidity in pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes: an understated complication","volume":"163","author":"E F Stamler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref71","first-page":"802","article-title":"Early-pregnancy proteinuria in diabetes related to preeclampsia","volume":"82","author":"C A Combs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.45.5.773","article-title":"Neonatal hypocalcemia in low birth weight infants","volume":"45","author":"R C Tsang","year":"1970","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref73","first-page":"384","article-title":"Hypocalcemia in infants of diabetic mothers. Studies in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism and parathormone responsiveness","volume":"80","author":"R C Tsang","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref74","first-page":"282","article-title":"Neonatal magnesium disturbances","volume":"124","author":"R C Tsang","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198405103101910","article-title":"Magnesium, the mimic\/antagonist of calcium","volume":"310","author":"B S Levine","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(75)80970-X","article-title":"Parathyroid function in infants of diabetic mothers","volume":"86","author":"R C Tsang","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(76)80944-4","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia in infants of diabetic mothers: perinatal studies","volume":"89","author":"R C Tsang","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref78","first-page":"12","article-title":"Decreased amniotic fluid magnesium concentration in diabetic pregnancy","volume":"69","author":"F Mimouni","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199011000-00015","article-title":"Postnatal surge in serum calcitonin concentrations: no contribution to neonatal hypocalcemia in infants of diabetic mothers","volume":"28","author":"F Mimouni","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199406000-00003","article-title":"Impact of metabolic control of diabetes during pregnancy on neonatal hypocalcemia: a randomized study","volume":"83","author":"S Demarini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref81","first-page":"352","article-title":"Randomized trial of magnesium administration to prevent hypocalcemia in infants of diabetic mothers","volume":"18","author":"K C Mehta","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999720","article-title":"Decreased bone mineral content in infants of diabetic mothers","volume":"5","author":"F Mimouni","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70414-0","article-title":"Evidence of increased intrauterine bone resorption in term infants of mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes","volume":"126","author":"S Demarini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1586507","article-title":"Longitudinal patterns of glycemic control and blood pressure in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Phenotypes from functional data analysis","volume":"33","author":"R D Szczesniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852913","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2852913","article-title":"Glycemic excursions in type 1 diabetes in pregnancy: a semiparametric statistical approach to identify sensitive time points during gestation","volume":"2017","author":"R Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074532","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3074532","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between gestational glycemic control and risk of preterm birth in women with type 1 diabetes: a joint modeling approach","volume":"2020","author":"R Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8875","article-title":"Flexible multivariate joint model of longitudinal intensity and binary process for medical monitoring of frequently collected data","volume":"40","author":"R Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.626922","article-title":"Characterizing maternal glycemic control: a more informative approach using semiparametric regression","volume":"25","author":"R Vandyke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2527","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnancy: importance of analyzing temporal profiles to understand clinical outcomes","volume":"43","author":"E M Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"28","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4514","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7144","article-title":"The use of repeated blood pressure measures for cardiovascular risk prediction: a comparison of statistical models in the ARIC study","volume":"36","author":"M J Sweeting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/reports3040036","article-title":"Does birthweight represent imprinting for life? preliminary findings from the Level and Timing of Diabetic Hyperglycemia in Utero: Transgenerational Effect on Adult Morbidity (TEAM) Study","volume":"3","author":"J C Khoury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reports"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6590431","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6590431","article-title":"Elevated Anthropometric and Metabolic Indicators among Young Adult Offspring of Mothers with Pregestational Diabetes: Early Results from the Transgenerational Effect on Adult Morbidity Study (the TEAM Study)","volume":"2021","author":"K Bowers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2490-3118.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T23:23:04Z","timestamp":1757719384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2490-3118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2490-3118","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1631","1098-8785"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0735-1631"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-8785"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]}}}