{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:16:06Z","timestamp":1767838566359,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this investigation was to examine muscle excitation at maximal\n                    running capacity without blood flow restriction (BFR) relative to submaximal\n                    running bouts with BFR. Fourteen college-aged males randomly completed four,\n                    three-minute running bouts at 70, 80, and 90% of peak speed with BFR\n                        (70%BFR, 80%BFR, and 90%BFR) and without\n                    BFR at 100% of their peak speed (100%NOBFR). The surface\n                    electromyographic amplitudes of the vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, and vastus\n                    medialis muscles were assessed. Muscle excitation of the vastus lateralis was\n                    similar across most bouts; however, it was lower during the 70%BFR\n                    compared to 90%BFR (Meandiff =\u22124.67\u00b1\u2212\u20090.22%; Bayesian 95%\n                    high-density interval [HDI]: \u2212\u20097.07 to \u2212\u20092.2) and 100%NOBFR (Meandiff\n                    =\u22122.94\u00b1\u2212\u20090.27%; 95% HDI:\u22125.33 to\u22120.50) bouts. For the rectus femoris, muscle\n                    excitation largely increased across running speeds\n                        (70%BFR&lt;80%BFR &lt;\u200990%BFR;\n                        90%BFR &lt;\u2009100%NOBFR). For the vastus medialis,\n                    muscle excitation was lower during the 70%BFR compared to\n                        90%BFR (Meandiff =\u22128.15\u00b1\u2212\u20090.28%; 95% HDI:\u221215.3 to\u22120.89).\n                    Submaximal running with BFR increased muscle excitation responses for the vastus\n                    lateralis and vastus medialis, such that muscle excitation was similar to\n                        100%BFR, despite 10\u201320% reductions in running speed. The rectus\n                    femoris muscle, however, was not affected by BFR during the submaximal running\n                    bouts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2493-0617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:27:11Z","timestamp":1736900831000},"page":"255-262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Muscle-specific neuromuscular responses during running with blood\n                    flow restriction"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5306-5348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean M.","family":"Lubiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Proppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Studies"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola M.","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mason A.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuj J.","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niriham M.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nihar N.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shane M.","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Trevino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taylor K.","family":"Dinyer-McNeely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roksana B.","family":"Zak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ethan C.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3806\/ijktr.1.19","article-title":"Eight days KAATSU-resistance training improved sprint but not jump performance\n                    in collegiate male track and field athletes","volume":"1","author":"T Abe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J KAATSU Training Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2167-x","article-title":"Low intensity blood flow restriction training: a meta-analysis","volume":"112","author":"J P Loenneke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1072-y","article-title":"Neuromuscular adaptations in human muscle following low intensity resistance\n                    training with vascular occlusion","volume":"92","author":"D R Moore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.07.029","article-title":"Blood flow restriction: The metabolite\/volume threshold theory","volume":"77","author":"J P Loenneke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.10.014","article-title":"The anabolic benefits of venous blood flow restriction training may be induced\n                    by muscle cell swelling","volume":"78","author":"J P Loenneke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0888-8816","article-title":"Blood flow restriction alter motor unit behavior during resistance exercise","volume":"40","author":"P Fatela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2377-x","article-title":"Effect of multiple set on intramuscular metabolic stress during low-intensity\n                    resistance exercise with blood flow restriction","volume":"112","author":"T Suga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00331","article-title":"Greater neural adaptations following high-vs. low-load resistance training","volume":"8","author":"ND M Jenkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31828a1ffa","article-title":"Practical blood flow restriction training increases acute determinants of\n                    hypertrophy without increasing indices of muscle damage","volume":"27","author":"J M Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3806\/ijktr.16.1","article-title":"The effects of moderate blood flow restriction induced by KAATSU on muscle\n                    activation, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion during low-intensity\n                    aerobic exercise: A pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Y Mizushima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J KAATSU Training Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1556\/036.102.2015.4.10","article-title":"The acute muscular effects of cycling with and without different degrees of\n                    blood flow restriction","volume":"102","author":"D Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Hung"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2062056","article-title":"Blood flow restriction during self-paced aerobic intervals reduces mechanical\n                    and cardiovascular demands without modifying neuromuscular fatigue","volume":"23","author":"ND W Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-002-0663-8","article-title":"Differences in leg muscle activity during running and cycling in humans","volume":"87","author":"K Bijker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human\n                    subjects","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419608727717","article-title":"A 1% treadmill grade most accurately reflects the energetic cost of outdoor\n                    running","volume":"14","author":"A M Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199310000-00015","article-title":"The simplified V-slope method of detecting the gas exchange threshold","volume":"25","author":"D A Schneider","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","article-title":"Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement\n                    procedures","volume":"10","author":"H J Hermens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"231","article-title":"Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient\n                    and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"J P Weir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3904_4","article-title":"Evaluation of the Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches in analyzing\n                    structural equation models with small sample sizes","volume":"39","author":"S Y Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_7","article-title":"To bayes or not to bayes, from whether to when: Applications of Bayesian\n                    methodology to modeling","volume":"11","author":"A A Rupp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1086\/693433","article-title":"A Bayesian approach to sample size estimation and the decision to continue\n                    program development in intervention research","volume":"8","author":"D G Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Soc Social Work Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003313","article-title":"Effects of running exercise combined with blood flow restriction on strength and\n                    sprint performance","volume":"35","author":"Y T Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12106","article-title":"Continuous blood flow restriction during repeated-sprint exercise increases\n                    peripheral but not systemic physiological and perceptual demands","volume":"24","author":"J R Mckee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00028.2022","article-title":"Greater neuromuscular fatigue following low-load blood flow restriction than\n                    non-blood flow restriction resistance exercise among recreationally active\n                    men","volume":"128","author":"E C Hill","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"165","article-title":"Acute effects of low load blood flow restricted and non restricted exercise on\n                    muscle excitation, neuromuscular efficiency, and average torque","volume":"23","author":"E C Hill","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0288-1","article-title":"Exercise with blood flow restriction: An updated evidence-based approach for\n                    enhanced muscular development","volume":"45","author":"B R Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00280.2015","article-title":"Inappropriate interpretation of surface EMG signals and muscle fiber\n                    characteristics impedes understanding of the control of neuromuscular\n                    function","volume":"119","author":"R M Enoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"467","article-title":"Muscle activation during low-intensity muscle contractions with varying levels\n                    of external limb compression","volume":"7","author":"T Yasuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05405-y","article-title":"Blood flow restriction increases necessary muscle excitation of the elbow\n                    flexors during a single high-load contraction","volume":"124","author":"A A Olmos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(01)00022-0","article-title":"Repeatability of maximal voluntary force and of surface EMG variables during\n                    voluntary isometric contraction of quadriceps muscles in healthy subjects","volume":"11","author":"A Rainoldi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.014","article-title":"A method for positioning electrodes during surface EMG recordings in lower limb\n                    muscles","volume":"134","author":"A Rainoldi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.06.002","article-title":"Application of the neuromuscular fatigue threshold treadmill test to muscles of\n                    the quadriceps and hamstrings","volume":"9","author":"C L Camic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23842","article-title":"Electromyographic responses of the superficial quadriceps femoris muscles during\n                    incremental treadmill running","volume":"48","author":"J M Zuniga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24901","article-title":"Muscle activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings during incremental\n                    running","volume":"52","author":"C L Camic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138708966008","article-title":"A method for estimating physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold\n                        (PWCFT)","volume":"30","author":"H A deVries","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"38","article-title":"Acute effects of sprint interval training and blood flow restriction on\n                    neuromuscular and muscle function","volume":"24","author":"D H Gonzalez Rojas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1239-7","article-title":"An EMG frequency-based test for estimating the neuromuscular fatigue threshold\n                    during cycle ergometry","volume":"108","author":"C L Camic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255112","article-title":"A mechanomyographic fatigue threshold test for cycling","volume":"31","author":"J M Zuniga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/10\/1253","article-title":"An examination of neuromuscular and metabolic fatigue thresholds","volume":"34","author":"H C Bergstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00686","article-title":"Quadriceps muscles O2 extraction and EMG breakpoints during a ramp\n                    incremental test","volume":"8","author":"D Iannetta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2893-y","article-title":"The increase in surface EMG could be a misleading measure of neural adaptation\n                    during the early gains in strength","volume":"114","author":"T I Arabadzhiev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00985","article-title":"Interpreting signal amplitudes in surface electromyography studies in sport and\n                    rehabilitation sciences","volume":"8","author":"A D Vigotsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01258-z","article-title":"Determining the sites of neural adaptations to resistance training: A systematic\n                    review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"U Siddique","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000473","article-title":"The application of blood flow restriction: Lessons from the laboratory","volume":"17","author":"K T Mattocks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2493-0617.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T23:47:16Z","timestamp":1743551236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2493-0617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2493-0617","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]}}}