{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:14:28Z","timestamp":1787004868203,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","funder":[{"name":"Ultra Sports Science Foundation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Depression is an important public health issue. In the general adult population,\n                    about 6.7% are affected. Little data are available about endurance runners. We\n                    conducted a prospective survey study screening for depression using the Patient\n                    Health Questionnaire and investigating potential associated risk factors in\n                    endurance runners (\u2265\u200921.1\u201342.2 km) and ultraendurance runners (\u2265\u200942.2 km).\n                    Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, predictive techniques, and\n                    regression analysis. A total of n = 601 runners participated (female n=222 and\n                    male n=379; mean age [SD]: 42.8 years [\u00b1\u200910.1]). Overall, 11.3% screened\n                    positive for major depression, particularly female runners compared to male\n                    runners (p=0.002) and endurance runners compared to ultraendurance runners\n                    (p=0.023). No significant differences were observed among performance levels\n                    (elite vs. nonelite). Mild depression was observed in 21.6% of runners. Factors\n                    associated with a higher risk for screening for major depression included age\n                    (p&lt;0.001), particularly runners under the age of 28 years, previous\n                    self-reported history of depression (p&lt;0.001), more frequent weekly workouts\n                    (4\u20135\/wk; p=0.021), weeks lost to injury (p=0.022), and female sex (p=0.025). A\n                    third of endurance and ultraendurance runners screened positive for depression,\n                    highlighting the importance of creating awareness for mental health issues and\n                    potential screening for athletes and providing access to appropriate support\n                    services and education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2495-1757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T19:14:06Z","timestamp":1733253246000},"page":"281-289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Are endurance runners at higher risk of depression? Screening for\n                    depression and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"46","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05768841","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0074-3624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker","family":"Scheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Benite,\n                    France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Benite,\n                    France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6858-1871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mabliny","family":"Thuany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Centre of Research, Education,\n                    Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-9103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beat","family":"Knechtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Gallen, Gesundheitszentrum, St. Gallen and Institute of Primary\n                    Care, University of Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-5509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carel","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences,\n                    University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2544-069X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Ruescas Escolano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario del\n                    Vinalopo, Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Encarna","family":"Valero Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department, Hospital Universitario del\n                    Vinalopo, Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with\n                    disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories,\n                    1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study\n                    2017","volume":"392","author":"S L James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0000000000000233","article-title":"Depression in Ultra-endurance Athletes, A Review and Recommendations","volume":"27","author":"J Onate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.131","article-title":"Screening for depression in primary care with Patient Health Questionnaire-9\n                    (PHQ-9): A systematic review","volume":"279","author":"L Costantini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502","article-title":"Mortality in Mental Disorders and Global Disease Burden Implications: A\n                    Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"E R Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100715","article-title":"Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus\n                    statement (2019)","volume":"53","author":"C L Reardon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n2183","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2183","article-title":"Accuracy of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for screening to detect major\n                    depression: updated systematic review and individual participant data\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"375","author":"Z F Negeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22915","article-title":"Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta-analysis of prospective\n                    cohort studies","volume":"36","author":"F B Schuch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0609","article-title":"Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Depression: A Systematic\n                    Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"M Pearce","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044988","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1044988","article-title":"Too much is too little: Estimating the optimal physical activity level for a\n                    healthy mental state","volume":"13","author":"A Shimura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01561-3","article-title":"Potential Long-Term Health Problems Associated with Ultra-Endurance Running: A\n                    Narrative Review","volume":"52","author":"V Scheer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01890-5","article-title":"Mental Health in Ultra-Endurance Runners: A Systematic Review","volume":"53","author":"M Thuany","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8059","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218059","article-title":"A Scoping Review of the Relationship between Running and Mental Health","volume":"17","author":"F Oswald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11030052","article-title":"Mental Health Disorders in Ultra Endurance Athletes per ICD-11 Classifications:\n                    A Review of an Overlooked Community in Sports Psychiatry","volume":"11","author":"J Colangelo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for\n                    Medical Research Involving Human Subjects","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1957-2356","article-title":"Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2022 Update","volume":"43","author":"D J Harriss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Defining off-road running: a position statement from the Ultra Sports Science\n                    Foundation","volume":"41","author":"V Scheer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102411","article-title":"International Olympic Committee (IOC) Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool 1\n                    (SMHAT-1) and Sport Mental Health Recognition Tool 1 (SMHRT-1): towards better\n                    support of athletes\u2019 mental health","volume":"55","author":"V Gouttebarge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2017.09.003","article-title":"Psychological Attributes of Ultramarathoners","volume":"29","author":"K Buck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.17159\/2078-516X\/2003\/v15i3a222","article-title":"Pre-to-post race changes in self-reported depression scores in ultra-distance\n                    triathletes-a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"A Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Afr J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.17179\/EXCLI2024-6907","article-title":"Personality of marathon runners: a narrative review of recent findings","volume":"23","author":"L Braschler","year":"2024","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.08.005","article-title":"Marathon running improves mood and negative affect","volume":"130","author":"A Roeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0492-2","article-title":"The Mental Health of Elite Athletes: A Narrative Systematic Review","volume":"46","author":"S M Rice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318287b870","article-title":"The Prevalence of Failure-Based Depression Among Elite Athletes","volume":"23","author":"T Hammond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001276","article-title":"Endocannabinoid and Mood Responses to Exercise in Adults with Varying Activity\n                    Levels","volume":"49","author":"A G Brellenthin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.040","article-title":"Physical activity and depression: Towards understanding the antidepressant\n                    mechanisms of physical activity","volume":"107","author":"A Kandola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10070105","article-title":"The Athlete\u2019s Paradox: Adaptable Depression","volume":"10","author":"W J Forys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Basel Switz"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108708","article-title":"Residential greenspace is associated with mental health via intertwined\n                    capacity-building and capacity-restoring pathways","volume":"178","author":"A M Dzhambov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-022-02383-8","article-title":"Anonymous Online Survey on Disordered Eating, Drive for Muscularity, Sexual\n                    Orientation, and Satisfaction with Life in Young Swedish Males","volume":"51","author":"A Ghaderi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1024\/1661-8157.96.36.1351","article-title":"Running helps \u2013 or how you escape depression without a psychiatrist and end up\n                    running a marathon!","volume":"96","author":"B Knechtle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Praxis"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2495-1757.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T19:51:21Z","timestamp":1743537081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2495-1757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2495-1757","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]}}}