{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T13:00:48Z","timestamp":1744722048998,"version":"3.37.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Res (Stuttg)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>WEE1 is a key tyrosine kinase involved in the cell cycle regulation with\n                        potent anticancer effects in various cancer types including colorectal\n                        cancer. Recent studies have focused on the potential of combinational\n                        inhibition of Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad-3-related protein (ATR) and WEE1\n                        in increasing apoptosis in cancer cells. Therefore, this study investigates\n                        the effects of inhibiting WEE1, by employing AZD1775, on colorectal cancer\n                        cells\u02bc susceptibility to VE-822-induced DNA damage and apoptosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>SW-480 and HT-29 cells were treated with AZD1775 and VE-822, alone and in\n                        combination. MTT assay was used to assess cell proliferation and viability.\n                        The mRNA levels of ATR, checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), WEE1, ribonucleotide\n                        reductase (RR) catalytic subunit M1 (RRM1) and RRM2 were measured by\n                        qRT-PCR. Cellular \u03b3-(H2A histone family member X) H2AX levels were measured\n                        by Western blot. Analyses were conducted using ELISA to assess\n                        8-Oxo-2\u02bc-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) levels. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and\n                        ELISA death assays were used to assess apoptosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The SW-480 and HT-29 cells have low proliferation rate when treated with\n                        VE-822 and AZD1775. The IC50 value for VE-822 was 1.3\u2009\u03bcM and 1.6\u2009\u03bcM in SW480\n                        and HT-29, respectively. Also, this value for AZD1775 in SW480 was 140\u2009nM\n                        and in HT-29 was 185\u2009nM. The expression levels of ATR, CHK1, WEE1, RRM1, and\n                        RRM2 were significantly downregulated in both cell lines treated with\n                        combination of VE-822 and AZD1775 (P&lt;0.05). DNA damage markers, including\n                        \u03b3-H2AX and 8-oxo-dG were upregulated in these cells. Simultaneous treatment\n                        with VE-822 and AZD177 increased apoptosis capacity of both cell lines.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The inhibition of WEE1 via AZD1775 potentiated the anticancer effects of ATR\n                        inhibitor, VE-822, in combating colorectal cancer via targeting DNA\n                        damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2499-3067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T23:47:32Z","timestamp":1736812052000},"page":"66-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["WEE1 Inhibition by AZD1775 Augments Colorectal Cancer Cells\n                    Susceptibility to VE-822-induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Ainaz","family":"Mihanfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research\n                    Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Asghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares\n                    University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Majidinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research\n                    Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"101174","article-title":"Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040. 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Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2499-3067.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:05:20Z","timestamp":1738886720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2499-3067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2499-3067","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2194-9379","2194-9387"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2194-9379"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2194-9387"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]}}}