{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T18:41:32Z","timestamp":1771526492740,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this review, we present the efforts made so far in developing effective solutions to prevent infections caused by seven major respiratory pathogens: influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Advancements driven by the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis have largely focused on viruses, but effective prophylactic solutions for bacterial pathogens are also needed, especially in light of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenomenon. Here, we discuss various innovative key technologies that can help address this critical need, such as (a) the development of Lung-on-Chip ex vivo models to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis process and the host\u2013microbe interactions; (b) a more thorough investigation of the mechanisms behind mucosal immunity as the first line of defense against pathogens; (c) the identification of correlates of protection (CoPs) which, in conjunction with the Reverse Vaccinology 2.0 approach, can push a more rational and targeted design of vaccines. By focusing on these critical areas, we expect substantial progress in the development of new vaccines against respiratory bacterial pathogens, thereby enhancing global health protection in the framework of the increasingly concerning AMR emergence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2500-1878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T23:53:17Z","timestamp":1738021997000},"page":"063-081","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["State of the Art and Emerging Technologies in Vaccine Design for Respiratory Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Ridelfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Pierleoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vittoria Zucconi Galli","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giampiero","family":"Batani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rino","family":"Rappuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06212-3","article-title":"Genetic stabilization of attenuated oral vaccines against poliovirus types 1 and 3","volume":"619","author":"M T Yeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00603-0","article-title":"The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness","volume":"53","author":"W N Harrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Mol 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