{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T12:39:29Z","timestamp":1785155969841,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and invasive pneumococcal disease among adults in the United States, with higher rates of disease occurring among individuals with chronic medical and immunocompromising conditions. Pregnant individuals, especially those with comorbid conditions, are also at increased risk of infection due to S. pneumoniae due to physiological and immunologic changes in pregnancy. Vaccination against pneumococcus is recommended for adults living with HIV aged 19 to 49, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, asplenia, chronic renal failure, sickle cell disease, alcohol abuse, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, congestive heart failure and cardiomyopathies, chronic lung disease, chronic liver disease, and diabetes mellitus. During pregnancy, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends vaccination against S. pneumoniae for individuals meeting the criteria for immunization outside of pregnancy. Pneumococcal vaccine uptake has been low. There are no data available for vaccine uptake in pregnancy, but we suspect it is lower than nonpregnant populations. Low uptake of immunization rates in pregnancy is likely multifactorial and includes general vaccine hesitancy among pregnant individuals, cost, access to care, and supply shortages. While data in support of pneumococcal vaccines during pregnancy are limited, sufficient evidence exists to support the safety and efficacy of vaccination in the antepartum period. Pregnancy provides an opportunity to continuously engage individuals in care, allowing obstetricians and gynecologists to establish rapport, work to reduce vaccine hesitancy, and to provide pneumococcal immunization to those who are eligible. Medical indications for pneumococcal vaccination will increasingly apply to pregnant persons as the population acquires comorbidities and there is a need for improved education among obstetricians on the topic of antenatal pneumococcal vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2505-5434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T19:08:43Z","timestamp":1734635323000},"page":"1809-1818","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pneumonia Vaccines: Indications for Use and Current Safety Data in Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7668-5638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karley","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gweneth B.","family":"Lazenby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Streptococci and Enterococci","author":"K J Ryan","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Pneumococcal infections","author":"D Goldblatt","year":"2022"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-023-00110-y","article-title":"Acute organ injury and long-term sequelae of severe pneumococcal infections","volume":"15","author":"K L Kruckow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pneumonia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2070-0","article-title":"Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of patients with severe pneumonia complicating pregnancy: a retrospective study of 12 cases and a literature review","volume":"18","author":"P Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2018.05.016","article-title":"Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"M van Aalst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz728","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease and community-acquired pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals in a high-income setting","volume":"71","author":"H M Garcia Garrido","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.12.012","article-title":"Severe bacterial non-AIDS infections in HIV-positive persons: incidence rates and risk factors","volume":"66","author":"O S S\u00f8gaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1110","article-title":"Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease higher among people notified with markers of hepatitis C virus infection: population-based surveillance in Victoria, Australia, 2001-2017","volume":"72","author":"K B Gibney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2307.161858","article-title":"Concurrent infection with hepatitis C virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"23","author":"T J Marrie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12040349","article-title":"Vaccine responses in patients with liver cirrhosis: from the immune system to the gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"C Airola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofu024","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu024","article-title":"Rates of pneumococcal disease in adults with chronic medical conditions","volume":"1","author":"K M Shea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1086\/516781","article-title":"Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease among individuals with sickle cell disease before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine","volume":"44","author":"N B Halasa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021140","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021140","article-title":"Effects of vaccines in patients with sickle cell disease: a systematic review protocol","volume":"8","author":"A B Wiyeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-126056","article-title":"Standard definitions of pneumococcal immunity may not accurately predict protection in adults with sickle cell disease","volume":"134","author":"T M Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-022-00097-y","article-title":"The remarkable history of pneumococcal vaccination: an ongoing challenge","volume":"14","author":"D M Musher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pneumonia"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-023-00584-9","article-title":"20\u2013valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: pediatric first approval","volume":"25","author":"M Shirley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"issue":"36","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7336a3","article-title":"Use of 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine among U.S. adults: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices - United States, 2024","volume":"73","author":"M Kobayashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.01.021","article-title":"Pneumococcal vaccines: mechanism of action, impact on epidemiology and adaption of the species","volume":"32","author":"M W Pletz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"42","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.08.048","article-title":"Phase 1 trial of a 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy adults","volume":"37","author":"A Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1489","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1045","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) in adults 60 to 64 years of age","volume":"73","author":"D Hurley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.07.004","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of 3 lots of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in pneumococcal vaccine-naive adults 18 through 49 years of age","volume":"39","author":"N P Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1863177","article-title":"A randomized phase 1 study of the safety and immunogenicity of 2 novel pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in healthy Japanese adults in the United States","volume":"17","author":"D Fitz-Patrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab990","article-title":"Pivotal phase 3 randomized clinical trial of the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults aged \u226518 years","volume":"75","author":"B Essink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30049-X","article-title":"Serotype-specific effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against pneumococcal pneumonia in adults aged 65 years or older: a multicentre, prospective, test-negative design study","volume":"17","author":"M Suzuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.017","article-title":"Direct effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in elderly population in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a case-control study","volume":"37","author":"J H Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003326","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003326","article-title":"Effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against vaccine serotype pneumococcal pneumonia in adults: a case-control test-negative design study","volume":"17","author":"H Lawrence","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000422.pub2","volume-title":"Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults","author":"S Moberley","year":"2008"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref34","first-page":"e214","article-title":"ACOG practice advisory: maternal immunization","volume":"131","author":"K RL Ault","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7203a1","article-title":"Pneumococcal vaccine for adults aged \u226519 years: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices, United States, 2023","volume":"72","author":"M Kobayashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00040-3","article-title":"Maternal immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the highlands of Papua New Guinea","volume":"20","author":"D Lehmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/3.2.233","article-title":"An epidemiologic approach to pneumococcal disease","volume":"3","author":"I D Riley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac026","article-title":"Effect of maternal immunization with 10-valent pneumococcus conjugate vaccine (PCV-10), 23-valent pneumococcus polysaccharide vaccine, or placebo on the immunogenicity of PCV-10 in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected infants: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"M M Mussi-Pinhata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/11595670-000000000-00000","article-title":"Safety of hepatitis B, pneumococcal polysaccharide and meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines in pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"M C Makris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00397-8","article-title":"Maternal immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the third trimester of gestation","volume":"20","author":"F M Munoz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(96)00009-6","article-title":"Immunization with a pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine during pregnancy","volume":"14","author":"T J O'Dempsey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"29","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.018","article-title":"Immunogenicity of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-infected pregnant women and kinetics of passively acquired antibodies in young infants","volume":"27","author":"VdeC Almeida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab567","article-title":"Immunogenicity of conjugated and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines administered during pregnancy or postpartum to women with HIV","volume":"225","author":"G Duarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e408","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30339-8","article-title":"Safety, immunogenicity, and transplacental antibody transport of conjugated and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines administered to pregnant women with HIV: a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"A Weinberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"51","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.10.060","article-title":"Maternal immunization with pneumococcal 9-valent conjugate vaccine and early infant otitis media","volume":"32","author":"K A Daly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11050908","article-title":"Pneumococcal vaccination in adults: a narrative review of considerations for individualized decision-making","volume":"11","author":"K C See","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.08.006","article-title":"Coadministered pneumococcal conjugate vaccine decreases immune response to hepatitis A vaccine: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"M Riekkinen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"48","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.10.020","article-title":"Effect of Tdap when administered before, with or after the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (coadministered with the quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine) in adults: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"M Tashani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3479-9","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of a tetanus-diphtheria vaccine and a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine after concomitant vaccination in\u2009\u2265\u200950-year-old adults","volume":"18","author":"J Y Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"31","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.05.066","article-title":"Modelling the impact of maternal pneumococcal vaccination on infant pneumococcal disease in low-income settings","volume":"40","author":"G M Bilgin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002301","article-title":"Update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination","volume":"130","author":"Committee Opinion No. 718","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12473.1","article-title":"Prevention of influenza-related illness in young infants by maternal vaccination during pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"M C Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"issue":"41","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7241e1","article-title":"Use of the Pfizer respiratory syncytial virus vaccine during pregnancy for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract disease in infants: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2023","volume":"72","author":"K EJJ Fleming-Dutra","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref58","first-page":"CD004903","article-title":"Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection","volume":"1","author":"S Chaithongwongwatthana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"43","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.09.002","article-title":"Prevalence and decay of maternal pneumococcal and meningococcal antibodies: a meta-analysis of type-specific decay rates","volume":"35","author":"M Voysey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012376","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012376","article-title":"Are maternal vaccines effective and safe for mothers and infants? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"O de Bruin","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00348-7","article-title":"Studies of maternal immunisation with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Papua New Guinea","volume":"21","author":"D Lehmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1086\/344356","article-title":"Induction of functional secretory IgA responses in breast milk, by pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides","volume":"186","author":"A Finn","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000143651.54880.09","article-title":"Serotype-specific pneumococcal antibodies in breast milk of Gambian women immunized with a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine during pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"S K Obaro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"46","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.08.032","article-title":"Effectiveness of 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine on pneumonia in HIV-infected adults in the United States, 1998\u20132003","volume":"26","author":"E H Teshale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1086\/520977","article-title":"Effectiveness of polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine in HIV-infected patients: a case-control study","volume":"45","author":"M Pe\u00f1aranda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.08.049","article-title":"A phase 3 trial of safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of V114, 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, compared with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults 50 years of age and older (PNEU-AGE)","volume":"40","author":"H L Platt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad349","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, comparator-controlled study to evaluate safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of V114, a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients (PNEU-STEM)","volume":"77","author":"M Wilck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003126","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of V114, a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, in adults living with HIV","volume":"36","author":"L Mohapi","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2022.060","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of V114, a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, compared with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Japanese adults aged \u226565 years: subgroup analysis of a randomized phase III trial (PNEU-AGE)","volume":"75","author":"H Kishino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"43","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.08.038","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of V114, a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, followed by sequential PPSV23 vaccination in healthy adults aged\u202f\u226550\u202fyears: a randomized phase III trial (PNEU-PATH)","volume":"39","author":"J Y Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0903029","article-title":"A trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected adults","volume":"362","author":"N French","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126253","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2126253","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adults 18 to 64 years old with medical conditions and other factors that increase risk of pneumococcal disease","volume":"18","author":"C Sabharwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1086\/315245","article-title":"Pneumococcal vaccine response in cirrhosis and liver transplantation","volume":"181","author":"T M McCashland","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1054\/jcaf.2001.27829","article-title":"B-cell function in chronic heart failure: antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine","volume":"7","author":"A Doing","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133799","article-title":"Effect of pneumococcal vaccine on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"V Jaiswal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaa030","article-title":"Pneumococcal vaccination in adults at very high risk or with established cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"M Marques Antunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7583","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.12.7583-7587.2001","article-title":"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines overcome splenic dependency of antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharides","volume":"69","author":"M A Breukels","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"8224","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92681-7","article-title":"Impaired immune response of splenectomised patients to polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine","volume":"1","author":"S W Hosea","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad037","article-title":"Immunological efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination including the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in adult patients with sickle cell disease: results of the randomized DREVAC controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"G Melica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.11.034","article-title":"Response to conjugate pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in asplenic patients","volume":"29","author":"A Meerveld-Eggink","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1632683","article-title":"Uptake of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine among US adults aged 19 to 64 years with immunocompromising conditions","volume":"16","author":"J Vietri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2226718","article-title":"Pneumococcal vaccination coverage among US adults enrolled in Medicaid and newly diagnosed with underlying medical conditions","volume":"22","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"33","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.06.068","article-title":"Pneumococcal vaccination coverage among adults newly diagnosed with underlying medical conditions and regional variation in the U.S","volume":"40","author":"A Ostropolets","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref86","volume-title":"Association of vaccine hesitancy with maternal influenza and Tdap vaccination coverage- United States, 2019\u201320 to 2022\u201323","author":"K KK Calhoun","year":"2023"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.02.013","article-title":"Vaccine hesitancy in women's health","volume":"50","author":"B Spires","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.006","article-title":"Midwives' knowledge, attitudes and confidence in discussing maternal and childhood immunisation with parents: a national study","volume":"38","author":"J E Frawley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0b013e3181c4bbb7","article-title":"Changes in and current status of obstetrician-gynecologists' knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding immunization","volume":"64","author":"M A Leddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"issue":"30","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.05.048","article-title":"Improving influenza and Tdap vaccination during pregnancy: a cluster-randomized trial of a multi-component antenatal vaccine promotion package in late influenza season","volume":"33","author":"A T Chamberlain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6638a2","article-title":"Influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women - United States, 2016-17 influenza season","volume":"66","author":"H Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003005","article-title":"Obstetrician-gynecologists' strategies to address vaccine refusal among pregnant women","volume":"133","author":"S T O'Leary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8582","article-title":"Assessing influenza vaccination behaviors among medically underserved obstetric patients","volume":"30","author":"E R Goggins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-020-00606-z","article-title":"Increased Tdap and influenza vaccination acquisition among patients participating in group prenatal care","volume":"41","author":"D Roussos-Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Prim Prev"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2022.11.004","article-title":"Maternal vaccination and vaccine hesitancy","volume":"70","author":"C M Rand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31827310a1","article-title":"Prior experiences of racial discrimination and racial differences in health care system distrust","volume":"51","author":"K Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354920974660","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in maternal vaccine knowledge, attitudes, and intentions","volume":"136","author":"M Z Dudley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"35","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.07.028","article-title":"Racial disparities in influenza immunization during pregnancy in the United States: a narrative review of the evidence for disparities and potential interventions","volume":"39","author":"A G Callahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-022-01439-3","article-title":"Factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy and reduced vaccine confidence in rural underserved populations","volume":"9","author":"R Robinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11061108","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among English-speaking pregnant women living in rural western United States","volume":"11","author":"E Cox","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2505-5434.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:37:47Z","timestamp":1759271867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2505-5434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2505-5434","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1631","1098-8785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1631","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]}}}