{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T09:15:28Z","timestamp":1773047728258,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thyroid disease and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are frequent\n                    complications during pregnancy. We observed the relationship between thyroid\n                    indicators and blood glucose to analyze whether thyroid function is associated\n                    with the development of GDM. We enrolled a total of 575 pregnant women diagnosed\n                    with GDM and 573 pregnant women without GDM. The correlation between thyroid\n                    indicators and blood glucose levels was established through correlation\n                    analysis. In addition, stratified analysis and restricted cubic spline curves\n                    were employed to describe the association between thyroid indicators and the\n                    incidence of GDM. We found no significant difference in urine iodine levels\n                    between the GDM and non-GDM groups throughout the second trimester. The levels\n                    of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and both fasting blood glucose and post-load\n                    blood glucose showed a robust positive connection. Thyroid-stimulating hormone\n                    (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), on the other hand, showed a weakly positive\n                    connection with these glucose values. A nonlinear correlation between FT3 and\n                    the risk of GDM was also found (pNonlinear=0.0007, p&lt;0.0001). Particularly,\n                    those in the top quartile of FT3 had a 6.99-fold greater risk than those in the\n                    lowest. Notably, FT3 levels below 4.04 pmol\/l were linked to a decreased chance\n                    of developing GDM, but levels over 4.04 pmol\/l were linked to a greater risk.\n                    Our study successfully established the correlation between thyroid indicators\n                    and the risk of GDM. Notably, we discovered a non-linear association between FT3\n                    levels and GDM. The study suggests that ensuring optimal thyroid function during\n                    pregnancy may decrease the likelihood of developing GDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2508-7964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T23:30:26Z","timestamp":1739230226000},"page":"88-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Free Triiodothyronine Concentrations and Gestational Diabetes\n                    Mellitus: Unveiling the Correlation and Implications"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Hongying","family":"Zha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First\n                    Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,\n                    China"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of\n                    Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing\n                    Medical University, Wuxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First\n                    Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing,\n                    China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The\n                    Affiliated People\u2019s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang,\n                    China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of\n                    Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing\n                    Medical University, Wuxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5117-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingxin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jiangsu\n                    Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital,\n                    Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"H D McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12854","article-title":"Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: a systematic\n                    review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"C Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Invest"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457","article-title":"2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and\n                    management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum","volume":"27","author":"E K Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02442","article-title":"A longitudinal study of thyroid markers across pregnancy and the risk of\n                    gestational diabetes","volume":"103","author":"S Rawal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocr Metab"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318250aeeb","article-title":"Relationship of subclinical thyroid disease to the incidence of gestational\n                    diabetes","volume":"119","author":"C M Tudela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12580","article-title":"Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in gestational diabetes\n                    mellitus and its relationship with postpartum thyroiditis","volume":"32","author":"N Maleki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetic Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4233","article-title":"Thyroid diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a contemporary US cohort","volume":"98","author":"T M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endcor Metab"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109364","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109364","article-title":"Effects of subclinical hypothyroidism on maternal and perinatal outcomes during\n                    pregnancy: a single-center cohort study of a Chinese population","volume":"9","author":"L M Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01919-4","article-title":"Lower iodine storage in the placenta is associated with gestational diabetes\n                    mellitus","volume":"19","author":"K Y Neven","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13523","article-title":"The joint role of thyroid function and iodine concentration on gestational\n                    diabetes risk in a population-based study","volume":"98","author":"G A Bell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gyn Scan"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.899","article-title":"Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormone and glucose homeostasis","volume":"15","author":"A Chidakel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5016","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175016","article-title":"Higher thyroid fT3-to-fT4 ratio is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus\n                    and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"11","author":"L Raets","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.10.009","article-title":"Association of early pregnancy free and total triiodothyronine with the\n                    subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"J N Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endcor Pract"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806256","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.806256","article-title":"Increased central and peripheral thyroid resistance indices during the first\n                    half of gestation were associated with lowered risk of gestational\n                    diabetes-analyses based on Huizhou birth cohort in south China","volume":"13","author":"Z M Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590600630470","article-title":"Thyroid function abnormalities and antithyroid antibody prevalence in pregnant\n                    women at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"M M Agarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4464","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2540","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and autoantibodies in early pregnancy are associated with\n                    increased risk of gestational diabetes and adverse birth outcomes","volume":"97","author":"P Karakosta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocr Metab"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3562","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1315","article-title":"Clinical review: a review of the clinical consequences of variation in thyroid\n                    function within the reference range","volume":"98","author":"P N Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocr Metab"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0440","article-title":"Impact of adjusting for the reciprocal relationship between maternal weight and\n                    free thyroxine during early pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"J E Haddow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0085","article-title":"An inverse relationship between weight and free thyroxine during early gestation\n                    among women treated for hypothyroidism","volume":"25","author":"J E Haddow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0866","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinaemia in pregnancy is associated with obesity and adverse\n                    maternal metabolic parameters","volume":"174","author":"B A Knight","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14106","article-title":"Higher thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the first trimester are associated\n                    with gestational diabetes in a Chinese population","volume":"36","author":"J Leng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetic Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1506","article-title":"Low Thyroid hormone in early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of\n                    gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"101","author":"S Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocr Metab"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"691","article-title":"Thyroid-stimulating hormone, anti-thyroid antibodies, and pregnancy\n                    outcomes","volume":"217","author":"T C Plowden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gunecol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgz167","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz167","article-title":"The impact of thyroid function and TPOAb in the first trimester on pregnancy\n                    outcomes: A retrospective study in Peking","volume":"105","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocr Metab"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4122","article-title":"Changes in serum adhesion molecules, chemokines, cytokines, and tissue\n                    remodeling factors in euthyroid women without thyroid antibodies who are at risk\n                    for autoimmune thyroid disease: a hypothesis on the early phases of the\n                    endocrine autoimmune reaction","volume":"98","author":"W Beumer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocr Metab"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12751","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between maternal subclinical hypothyroidism and\n                    gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"144","author":"M Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3441","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3441","article-title":"A longitudinal study of thyroid markers during pregnancy and the risk of\n                    gestational diabetes mellitus and post-partum glucose metabolism","volume":"37","author":"L Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0340","article-title":"Isolated effect of maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and\n                    antithyroid peroxidase antibodies in early pregnancy on gestational diabetes\n                    mellitus: a birth cohort study in China","volume":"66","author":"K Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"5143","article-title":"Effect of iodine nutrition status on thyroid function and pregnancy\n                    outcomes","volume":"201","author":"H Zha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"}],"container-title":["Hormone and Metabolic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2508-7964.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T23:30:50Z","timestamp":1739230250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2508-7964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2508-7964","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-5043","1439-4286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-5043","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-4286","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}}}