{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:07:13Z","timestamp":1771236433411,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008092","name":"Jinhua Science and Technology\n                        Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021-04-008, 2021-04-219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-04-008, 2021-04-219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a key metric when evaluating the renal function of a\n                    given patient. Individuals with chronic kidney disease also often present with\n                    abnormal thyroid functionality. The specific association between BUN and thyroid\n                    function, however, is not well understood. This study was thus developed to\n                    explore how BUN levels within the normal range are related to thyroid activity\n                    among adults in the USA. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\n                    (NHANES) dataset was leveraged for these analyses. Linear regression and\n                    smoothed curve fitting approaches were employed to examine the association\n                    between BUN levels and measures of thyroid function, with appropriate weighted\n                    and subgroup analyses. The 2007\u20132012 NHANEs cycles included 6231 eligible adults\n                    with BUN levels from 2.5\u20138.0 mmol\/l. Under adjusted models, a higher BUN level\n                    was associated with reductions in FT3 (\u03b2=\u20130.01; p=0.047), TT3 (\u03b2=\u20131.08;\n                    p=0.003), and TT4 (\u03b2=\u20130.10; p=0.003) levels. In subgroup analyses, BUN levels\n                    were respectively found to be negatively correlated with FT3 and TT4 levels in\n                    subjects who were inactive and active. These findings are consistent with\n                    reduced FT3, TT4, and TT4 levels being correlated with higher BUN levels within\n                    the normal range among American adults. In non-physically active subjects, FT3\n                    levels were more closely related to increasing BUN levels, whereas TT4 levels\n                    were more closely related to BUN levels among physically active subjects.\n                    However, additional research will be vital to clarify the mechanisms that\n                    underlie these results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2508-8034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T23:30:26Z","timestamp":1739230226000},"page":"124-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterizing the Association Between Blood Urea Nitrogen Levels\n                    within the Normal Range and Thyroid Function Among US Adults: NHANES 2007\u20132012\n                    Findings"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2723-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junru","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinhua City People\u02bcs Hospital, Jinhua,\n                    China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast and Thyroid, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital,\n                    Jinhua, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaotao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast and Thyroid, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital,\n                    Jinhua, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jialu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast and Thyroid, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital,\n                    Jinhua, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast and Thyroid, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital,\n                    Jinhua, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast and Thyroid, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital,\n                    Jinhua, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huijing","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Jinhua Municipal Central\n                    Hospital, Jinhua, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9029-5094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast and Thyroid, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital,\n                    Jinhua, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-65-6-1287","article-title":"Creatininemia versus uremia. 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Khatiwada","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"e35242","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and renal function: a crucial relationship to recognize","volume":"15","author":"R Naguib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13606","article-title":"Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and smoking status: Data from the\n                    Korean national health and nutrition examination survey VI","volume":"88","author":"S Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4990","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-01132","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and its association with sleep apnea among adults in the United\n                    States: NHANES 2007-2008","volume":"104","author":"S Thavaraputta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol 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survey: estimation procedures,\n                    2011\u20132014","volume":"177","author":"T C Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vital Health Statistics Series 2, Data Eval Meth Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0837","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and kidney disease","volume":"160","author":"P Iglesias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000329354","article-title":"Influence of thyroid function on different kidney function tests","volume":"35","author":"M Kimmel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03079.x","article-title":"Heritability of serum TSH, free T4 and free T3 concentrations: a study of a\n                    large UK twin cohort","volume":"68","author":"V Panicker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin 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Dousdampanis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20173968","article-title":"Serum BUN and creatinine estimation in patients of overt hypothyroidism: a case\n                    control study","volume":"5","author":"B Kumari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"137","article-title":"Prediction of thyroid hormone level on risk of type 2 diabetes nephropathy","volume":"38","author":"H Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinl Focus"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"576","article-title":"Urine PH Level of Patients with Hyperuricemia and its influencing factors","volume":"56","author":"X Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Qingdao Uni (Med Sci)"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89565-x","article-title":"Age- and sex-specific reference intervals for blood urea nitrogen in Chinese\n                    general population","volume":"11","author":"Q Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.078964","article-title":"Sampling time is important but may be overlooked in establishment and use of\n                    thyroid-stimulating hormone reference intervals","volume":"53","author":"E Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Chem"}],"container-title":["Hormone and Metabolic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2508-8034.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T23:31:40Z","timestamp":1739230300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2508-8034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2508-8034","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-5043","1439-4286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-5043","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-4286","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}}}