{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:25:49Z","timestamp":1771845949045,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to describe feeding outcomes in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and compare characteristics and outcomes in groups discharged home on oral, total\/partial nasogastric, and gastrostomy tube feedings.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study of infants diagnosed with moderate or severe HIE using standard criteria who underwent cooling from January 2017 to June 2022. Data were abstracted from hospital course as well as until 6 months follow-up. Statistical analysis included chi-square test and ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni correction for between-group comparisons.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Among 123 included infants, 95 (77%) fed orally, 11 (9%) required total\/partial nasogastric feeds and 17 (14%) had gastrostomy tubes at discharge. A significantly greater proportion of infants with gastrostomy-tube feeds at discharge had intrapartum complications, Apgar scores &lt;5 at 5 and 10\u2009minutes, severe rather than moderate HIE, and seizures. They also had a longer hospital stay, prolonged respiratory support and intubated days, and delayed initiation of feeding. Infants discharged on nasogastric feeds all attained oral feeds at a median (IQR) duration of 54 (6\u2013178) days follow-up. Among the 106 (86%) infants with follow-up data, the gastrostomy group had significantly lower median weight and head circumference centiles compared to the others. Criteria for gavage eligibility were met before discharge in 98 (80%) of the cohort; 42% stayed beyond this benchmark.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Earlier identification of eventual gastrostomy tube insertion as well as discharge home on nasogastric feedings may reduce duration of hospitalization in infants with HIE. Our data may provide insights to guide practice improvement for enteral feedings in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2510-1543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T18:37:22Z","timestamp":1736188642000},"page":"1477-1484","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enteral Feeding in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Helen","family":"Martinovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luna","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Girija","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.3269","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a review for the clinician","volume":"169","author":"M Douglas-Escobar","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","first-page":"CD003311","article-title":"Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"2013","author":"S E Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-04950-0","article-title":"To feed or not to feed during therapeutic hypothermia in asphyxiated neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"182","author":"J Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcps050929","article-title":"Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"353","author":"S Shankaran","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.14972","article-title":"Effect of therapeutic hypothermia initiated after 6\u2009hours of age on death or disability among newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"318","author":"A R Laptook","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e905","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3915","article-title":"Cerebral palsy and growth failure at 6 to 7 years","volume":"132","author":"B R Vohr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.03.046","article-title":"Actual and potential impact of a home nasogastric tube feeding program for infants whose neonatal intensive care unit discharge is affected by delayed oral feedings","volume":"234","author":"J M Lagatta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref8","first-page":"F398","article-title":"Brain injury following trial of hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"97","author":"S Shankaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-59","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants","volume":"13","author":"T R Fenton","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2227","article-title":"Construction of the World Health Organization child growth standards: selection of methods for attained growth curves","volume":"25","author":"E Borghi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1159\/000487848","article-title":"Enteral feeding as an adjunct to hypothermia in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"113","author":"L L Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01342-2","article-title":"Early versus delayed enteral nutrition for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"Y Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"36","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta25360","article-title":"Nutritional management in newborn babies receiving therapeutic hypothermia: two retrospective observational studies using propensity score matching","volume":"25","author":"C Gale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000022","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2017-000022","article-title":"Survey of nutritional practices during therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"1","author":"B Hazeldine","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.190","article-title":"Short-term outcomes after perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: a report from the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium HIE focus group","volume":"35","author":"A N Massaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.16058","article-title":"Effect of depth and duration of cooling on deaths in the NICU among neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"312","author":"S Shankaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-024-01890-x","article-title":"Factors affecting early childhood growth in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia","volume":"44","author":"S Jayakumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607116670621","article-title":"Outcomes of infants with home tube feeding: comparing nasogastric vs gastrostomy tubes","volume":"41","author":"S T Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-03313-4","article-title":"Early discharge of premature infants <\u200937 weeks gestational age with nasogastric tube feeding: the new standard of care?","volume":"178","author":"F van Kampen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e207","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709497","article-title":"Discharging medically complex infants with supplemental nasogastric tube feeds: impact on neonatal intensive care unit length of stay and prevention of gastrostomy tubes","volume":"38","author":"D D Mago-Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1718","article-title":"Creation of a standard model for tube feeding at neonatal intensive care unit discharge","volume":"44","author":"B R White","year":"2020","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7218","article-title":"Effect of depth and duration of cooling on death or disability at age 18 months among neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"318","author":"S Shankaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2510-1543.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T22:39:11Z","timestamp":1753223951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2510-1543"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2510-1543","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1631","1098-8785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1631","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]}}}