{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:43:00Z","timestamp":1790631780177,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rhinoseptoplasty addresses both nasal deformities and functional issues. Effective postoperative care is essential for optimal recovery, as complications such as swelling, bruising, and pain can adversely affect healing and patient satisfaction. Proper postoperative care emphasizes the significance of comprehensive management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic literature review was performed utilizing the PubMed and Cochrane databases to identify articles published between 2014 and 2024 that specifically addressed postoperative care following rhinoplasty. Of 191 articles, 22 met the preestablished inclusion criteria. We assessed the quality of evidence according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine's Levels of Evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Seven key studies were analyzed, exploring a range of postoperative care interventions, including administering corticosteroids, elevating the head during and after the procedure, using alternative therapeutic approaches, and applying cooling techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Postsurgical recovery after rhinoplasty involves managing pain, swelling, and bruising, among other complications. Educating patients about expected outcomes and the healing process helps alleviate their anxiety and uncertainty. Corticosteroids have proven effective in controlling swelling and bruising. Antibiotics are generally not recommended. Silicone septal splints provide support, particularly when stabilization of an injured mucous membrane or septal cartilage is required; however, nasal packing is not recommended. Adhesive strips can help reduce edema in the dorsal and supratip areas. Positioning patients in a 20\u00b0 reverse Trendelenburg position during surgery, followed by maintaining the head elevated at a 90\u00b0 angle postoperatively, has significantly reduced edema and ecchymosis. Using a cannula for drainage and cooling techniques has been shown to reduce postoperative morbidity effectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Rhinoplasty is a common facial plastic surgery, yet there is no consensus on optimal postoperative care. Key strategies include silicone splints, subperiosteal drainage, nasal taping, cooling, corticosteroids, and intra- and postoperative head elevation. However, further systematic trials are necessary to refine these strategies and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2533-2651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T19:28:56Z","timestamp":1738783736000},"page":"850-855","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Improving Postsurgical Management of Rhinoplasty: A Comprehensive Review of Existing Literature"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6246-2188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro P.","family":"Villarroel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario de Poniente, Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristobal","family":"Langdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology and Skull Base Unit, Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Arancibia-Tagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Facial Plastic Surgery, Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31829acc60","article-title":"Corticosteroid use in cosmetic plastic surgery","volume":"132","author":"B J Pulikkottil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.10.2.109","article-title":"An anatomical study of the nasal superficial musculoaponeurotic system: surgical applications in rhinoplasty","volume":"10","author":"Y Saban","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1723825","article-title":"Rhinoplasty dissection planes (subcutaneous, sub-SMAS, supra-perichondral, and sub-perichondral) and soft tissues management","volume":"37","author":"J C Neves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","first-page":"339","article-title":"Facial branches of the facial artery in adults. 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A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes","volume":"82","author":"A Tsikopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-009-0080-y","article-title":"Results of intravenous steroid injection on reduction of postoperative edema in rhinoplasty","volume":"61","author":"M A Alajmi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000681","article-title":"Clinical consequences of inadequate pain relief: barriers to optimal pain management","volume":"134","author":"J L Baratta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2021.103311","article-title":"The effects of 5-degree, 10-degree and 20-degree reverse Trendelenburg positions on intraoperative bleeding and postoperative Edemea and ecchymosis around the eye in open rhinoplasty","volume":"43","author":"E K Koc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676379","article-title":"Postoperative care in aesthetic rhinoplasty patients","volume":"34","author":"F Apaydin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002101","article-title":"Interventions to decrease postoperative edema and ecchymosis after rhinoplasty: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"137","author":"A A Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-3907-7","article-title":"How can periorbital oedema and ecchymose be reduced in rhinoplasty?","volume":"273","author":"E Caglar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0969-x","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of dexamethasone and tranexamic acid, separately or in combination on post-rhinoplasty edema and ecchymosis","volume":"42","author":"M Mehdizadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006206","article-title":"Comparison of rhinoplasty patients informed with standard verbal information in preoperative period and rhinoplasty patients informed and treated with visual information through catalog in terms of the development of agitation, edema and ecchymose in the postoperative period","volume":"31","author":"H P Kele\u015f","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Craniofac 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Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2013.878476","article-title":"Comparison of totally occlusive nasal pack, internal nasal splint, and transseptal suture technique after septoplasty in terms of immediate respiratory distress related to anesthesia and surgical complications","volume":"134","author":"M Cayonu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2015.11.008","article-title":"The effects of the time of intranasal splinting on bacterial colonization, postoperative complications, and patient discomfort after septoplasty operations","volume":"82","author":"A Karatas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2015.1944","article-title":"Effect of post rhinoplasty taping on postoperative edema and nasal draping: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"B Ozucer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1608668","article-title":"Comparison of absorbable and nonabsorbable sutures in columellar incision closure in rhinoplasty and their effects to postoperative scar","volume":"33","author":"A E Kilavuz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/229255031402200213","article-title":"Testing the effects of long-acting steroids in edema and ecchymosis after closed rhinoplasty","volume":"22","author":"S Gutierrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Surg (Oakv)"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref23","first-page":"548","article-title":"The effect of cortogen in rhinoplasty","volume":"31","author":"I B Goldman","year":"1952","journal-title":"Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-005-0158-1","article-title":"Effects of different corticosteroids on edema and ecchymosis in open rhinoplasty","volume":"30","author":"A Gurlek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24883","article-title":"The efficacy of steroids for edema and ecchymosis after rhinoplasty: a meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"S H Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino15.177","article-title":"The effect of periorbital cooling on pain, edema and ecchymosis after rhinoplasty: a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded study","volume":"54","author":"O Kayiran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-017-4535-6","article-title":"The effectiveness of postoperative intervention in patients after rhinoplasty: a meta-analysis","volume":"274","author":"H S Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.04.053","article-title":"The efficacy of cryotherapy in reducing edema and ecchymosis in patients who underwent rhinoplasty: a narrative review","volume":"84","author":"M N Jardak","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197404000-00004","article-title":"Prevention of post-rhinoplasty edema","volume":"84","author":"F J 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