{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T20:37:06Z","timestamp":1776458226492,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rofo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The increasing number of women working in medical surgical professions involving ionizing radiation creates new challenges for the safety of both pregnant and breastfeeding employees and the management of prenatal radiation exposure. The aim of this manuscript is to discuss the biological effects of loosely-ionizing radiation, evaluate the associated risks, and discuss the principles of German radiation protection law in the context of pregnancy and breastfeeding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the effects of prenatal radiation exposure, we reviewed relevant sources such as reports from the German Commission on Radiological Protection, United Nations Scientific Commission on Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), and publications from the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Additionally, the current German legislation, with focus on radiation protection and maternity protection laws, was outlined in context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The analysis shows that adhering to regulatory dose limits minimizes the risks of pregnancy complications, congenital malformations, developmental delays, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Special attention is required during the first trimester, in which radiation sensitivity is highest. Adherence to legal framework and associated protective measures in Germany provides under certain conditions a safe working environment for pregnant and breastfeeding women in surgical professions that involve ionizing radiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This work highlights that careful risk assessment and strict adherence to radiation protection and occupational safety regulations enable pregnant and lactating women to work safely in areas associated with ionizing radiation and interventional aspects of their occupation. The need for continuous monitoring and adjustment of protective measures as well as the provision of confidential counseling services, are essential to ensure the safety of pregnant and breastfeeding workers and their children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2536-7206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T22:36:13Z","timestamp":1743114973000},"page":"64-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Occupational Prenatal Radiation Exposure and Occupational Safety: Position Paper for Pregnant and breastfeeding Personnel in Interventional Procedures with Ionizing Radiation"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-6233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena Sophie","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Frisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Radiology, CVK, Charit\u00e9 University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8805-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia Lieselotte Angelika","family":"Dewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7096-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia Freya Ulrike","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute and Polyclinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Wintergerst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Torsello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, Gottingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matti Jonas","family":"Peperhove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gesa","family":"P\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Radiology, University of M\u00fcnster, Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emona","family":"Staudacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mareike","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Tritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, HELIOS Dr Horst Schmidt Hospitals, Wiesbaden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Westphalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Academic hospital DRK Berlin Kopenick, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Bruners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Radiology and Neuroradiology, Dortmund Clinic, Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Gebauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Radiology, CVK, Charit\u00e9 University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, HELIOS Hospital Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Jungnickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-8774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Fiebich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inst. of Medical Physics, University of Applied Sciences Giessen, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Katoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Helios Klinikum 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