{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T17:21:08Z","timestamp":1787851268917,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Photogrammetry holds promise for expanding the domains of microsurgical education. The authors present a technical note and scoping review that explore the use of photogrammetry in neurosurgical anatomy, existing technical guidelines, and areas of implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Photogrammetry was employed to build three-dimensional models of the anatomy of the white matter tracts, brainstem, cranial nerves, and the retrosigmoid approach using human brain and skull specimens. In addition, a scoping review was performed on three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase). Information was collected regarding human models, software, hardware, assessment of high-fidelity reconstruction, and anatomic depth estimation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The illustrative models achieved a high-quality representation of the white matter tracts, brainstem, cranial nerves, and anatomy in the retrosigmoid approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our scoping review yielded 3,620 articles, of which 28 were included in the analysis. Photogrammetry was described in three technical stages: image acquisition, processing, and visualization. About 75% of studies reported high-fidelity image reconstruction, and only 42.9% of articles performed anatomic depth estimation. Concerning microsurgical anatomy education, photogrammetry has primarily rendered digital models of the cranial region (96.4%). During educational sessions, the most common surgical approaches described the orbitozygomatic (20%), endoscopic endonasal (20%), translabyrinthine (13.3%), retrosigmoid (13.3%), and Kawase (13.3%) approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Photogrammetry offers an innovative approach to creating portable and virtual anatomical models with high-fidelity and vivid representations of human specimens. The resulting three-dimensional models can provide real proportions to teach visuospatial skills in neurosurgery. However, significant challenges remain to achieve objective accuracy and anatomic depth perception, which are critical for microsurgical education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2538-3745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T19:16:36Z","timestamp":1739560596000},"page":"234-245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immersive Neurosurgical Anatomy Using Photogrammetry: Technical Note and Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3661-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhon E.","family":"Bocanegra-Becerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ballesteros-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirugia, Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Alhwaishel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mansoura Manchester Program, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcio Yuri","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital\/Northwell Health, New York, New York, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Emanuelle Cunha","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian D.","family":"Mendieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de 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