{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:37:34Z","timestamp":1793191054425,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":288,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pneumologie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Zusammenfassung<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hintergrund\u2002Die nosokomiale Pneumonie, die sowohl die im Krankenhaus erworbene (HAP) als auch die beatmungsassoziierte Pneumonie (VAP) umfasst, ist nach wie vor eine Hauptursache f\u00fcr Morbidit\u00e4t und Mortalit\u00e4t bei hospitalisierten Erwachsenen. Bei sich ver\u00e4ndernden Erregerprofilen und aufkommenden Resistenzmustern bietet die vorliegende aktualisierte S3-Leitlinie (AWMF-Register-Nr. 020-013) eine evidenzbasierte Empfehlung zur Verbesserung der Diagnose, Risikostratifizierung und Behandlung der nosokomialen Pneumonie.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methoden\u2002Die Aktualisierung der Leitlinie wurde von einem multidisziplin\u00e4ren Gremium entwickelt, in dem die wichtigsten deutschen Fachgesellschaften vertreten waren. Es wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche mit anschlie\u00dfender kritischer Bewertung nach der GRADE-Methode durchgef\u00fchrt. Strukturierte Konsensuskonferenzen stellten sicher, dass die Empfehlungen klinisch relevant und methodisch fundiert sind und den aktuellen Grunds\u00e4tzen des Antibiotic Stewardship entsprechen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Ergebnisse\u2002Bei der Behandlung nosokomialer Pneumonien sollten die Patienten in solche mit und solche ohne Risikofaktoren f\u00fcr multiresistente Erreger und\/oder Pseudomonas aeruginosa unterteilt werden. Die bakterielle Multiplex-Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR) sollte nicht routinem\u00e4\u00dfig eingesetzt werden. Die bronchoskopische Diagnose wird im Hinblick auf die wichtigsten Ergebnisse nicht als besser angesehen als die nicht bronchoskopische Probenahme. Eine Antibiotika-Kombinationstherapie ist Patienten mit septischem Schock und hohem Risiko f\u00fcr multiresistente Erreger vorbehalten, w\u00e4hrend die anderen Patienten mit einer Monotherapie (z.\u200aB. Meropenem) behandelt werden k\u00f6nnen. Bei klinisch stabilisierten Patienten sollte die Antibiotikatherapie deeskaliert und fokussiert sowie die Dauer auf 7\u20138 Tage verk\u00fcrzt werden. Bei kritisch kranken Patienten sollte eine prolongierte Applikationsdauer geeigneter Betalaktam-Antibiotika bevorzugt werden. Bei Patienten auf der Intensivstation (ICU) besteht das Risiko einer invasiven pulmonalen Aspergillose (IPA). Die Diagnostik auf Aspergillus sollte mit einem Antigentest aus Bronchiallavagefl\u00fcssigkeit erfolgen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Schlussfolgerung\u2002Diese aktualisierte S3-Leitlinie bietet einen umfassenden, multidisziplin\u00e4ren Ansatz f\u00fcr die Behandlung der nosokomialen Pneumonie bei Erwachsenen. Durch die Integration neuer diagnostischer Verfahren und verfeinerter therapeutischer Strategien zielt sie darauf ab, die Behandlung zu standardisieren, die Ergebnisse f\u00fcr die Patienten sowie das antimikrobielle Stewardship zu verbessern, um das Auftreten resistenter Erreger einzud\u00e4mmen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2541-9872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T19:58:03Z","timestamp":1743537483000},"page":"e3-e57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Update der S3-Leitlinie: Epidemiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie erwachsener Patienten mit nosokomialer Pneumonie"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Rademacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Centre of Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Ewig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoraxzentrum Ruhrgebiet, Department of Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, EVK Herne and Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9atrice","family":"Grabein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU Hospital, Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irit","family":"Nachtigall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Helios Hospital Emil-Von-Behring, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Abele-Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Deja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Berlin, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Ga\u00dfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Gatermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Geffers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herwig","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Vivantes-Klinikum Neukoelln, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus Peter","family":"Heu\u00dfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kluge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kolditz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department 1, Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital of TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Kramme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of L\u00fcbeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilmar","family":"K\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, St. Bernhard-Hospital Kamp-Lintfort, Kamp-Lintfort, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Panning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter-Michael","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gernot","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Frankfurt\/Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Schaaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Klinikum Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut J.F.","family":"Salzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine-Pneumology, Kepler University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dierk","family":"Schreiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helios Park Clinic, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Schweisfurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pulmonary Research (IPR), Cottbus, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Unverzagt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus A.","family":"Weigand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Welte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Centre of Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias W.","family":"Pletz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e.V. (DGP) (federf\u00fchrende Fachgesellschaft) und","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr An\u00e4sthesiologie und Intensivmedizin e.V. (DGAI)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Chirurgie e.V. (DGCH)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Hygiene und Mikrobiologie e.V. (DGHM)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Infektiologie e.V. (DGI)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internistische Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin e.V. (DGIIN)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Innere Medizin e.V. (DGIM)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Deutsche R\u00f6ntgengesellschaft, Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Medizinische Radiologie e.V. (DRG)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Sepsis-Gesellschaft e.V. (DSG)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Virologie e.V. (GfV)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Infektionstherapie e.V. (PEG)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Deutsche Sepsis-Hilfe e.V. (DSH)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"15","article-title":"[Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Patients with Nosocomial Pneumonia \u2013 Update 2017 \u2013 S3 Guideline of the German Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, the German Society for Infectious Diseases, the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology, the German Respiratory Society and the Paul-Ehrlich-Society for Chemotherapy, the German Radiological Society and the Society for Virology]","volume":"72","author":"K Dalhoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j4008","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","article-title":"AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both","volume":"358","author":"B J Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence","volume":"64","author":"H Balshem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"851","article-title":"The Prevalence of Nosocomial Infection and Antibiotic Use in German Hospitals","volume":"114","author":"M Behnke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch Arzteblatt Int"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002150","article-title":"Burden of Six Healthcare-Associated Infections on European Population Health: Estimating Incidence-Based Disability-Adjusted Life Years through a Population Prevalence-Based Modelling Study","volume":"13","author":"A Cassini","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Medr"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"665","article-title":"[Management of Adult Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Prevention \u2013 Update 2021 \u2013 Guideline of the German Respiratory Society (DGP), the Paul-Ehrlich-Society for Chemotherapy (PEG), the German Society for Infectious Diseases (DGI), the German Society of Medical Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine (DGIIN), the German Viological Society (DGV), the Competence Network CAPNETZ, the German College of General Practitioneers and Family Physicians (DEGAM), the German Society for Geriatric Medicine (DGG), the German Palliative Society (DGP), the Austrian Society of Pneumology Society (\u00d6GP), the Austrian Society for Infectious and Tropical Diseases (\u00d6GIT), the Swiss Respiratory Society (SGP) and the Swiss Society for Infectious Diseases Society (SSI)]","volume":"75","author":"S Ewig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90487-3","article-title":"Is pneumonia developing in patients in intensive care always a typical \u201enosocomial\u201c infection?","volume":"2","author":"M Mandelli","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.2.9705064","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria","volume":"157","author":"J L Trouillet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200009000-00011","article-title":"Risk factors for early-onset, ventilator-associated pneumonia in critical care patients: selected multiresistant versus nonresistant bacteria","volume":"93","author":"O Ak\u00e7a","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1111","article-title":"[Early and late nosocomial broncho-pulmonary diseases in intensive care. Comparative study of risk factors and of causing bacteria]","volume":"32","author":"S Nseir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Presse Medicale Paris Fr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlab117","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab117","article-title":"Frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from respiratory samples of patients hospitalized with pneumonia in Western Europe, Eastern Europe and the USA: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2016\u201319)","volume":"3","author":"H S Sader","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181a037ac","article-title":"Spectrum of practice in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in patients requiring mechanical ventilation in European intensive care units","volume":"37","author":"D Koulenti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-561","article-title":"A comparison of microbiology and demographics among patients with healthcare-associated, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a retrospective analysis of 1184 patients from a large, international study","volume":"13","author":"A A Quartin","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"332","article-title":"Microbial cause of ICU-acquired pneumonia: hospital-acquired pneumonia versus ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"C E Luyt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1165-5","article-title":"Polymicrobial intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia: prevalence, microbiology and outcome","volume":"19","author":"M Ferrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.464","article-title":"Microbiology, empiric therapy and its impact on the outcomes of nonventilated hospital-acquired, ventilated hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia in the United States, 2014\u20132019","volume":"43","author":"M D Zilberberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.11.023","article-title":"Viruses are prevalent in non-ventilated hospital-acquired pneumonia","volume":"122","author":"A F Shorr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000596","article-title":"An overview of guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"32","author":"C Cill\u00f3niz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05622-0","article-title":"Impact of bronchial colonization with Candida spp. on the risk of bacterial ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU: the FUNGIBACT prospective cohort study","volume":"45","author":"J F Timsit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1482-8","article-title":"Significance of the isolation of Candida species from airway samples in critically ill patients: a prospective, autopsy study","volume":"35","author":"W Meersseman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4757.523","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis following post-influenzal bronchopneumonia treated with antibiotics","volume":"1","author":"J D Abbott","year":"1952","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.87.5.691","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating influenza A pneumonia in a previously healthy patient","volume":"87","author":"M Lewis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30274-1","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"A FAD Schauwvlieghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-03902-8","article-title":"Corticosteroids as risk factor for COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in intensive care patients","volume":"26","author":"R Leistner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw353","article-title":"Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society","volume":"63","author":"A C Kalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R142","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7119","article-title":"Determinants and impact of multidrug antibiotic resistance in pathogens causing ventilator-associated-pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"P O Depuydt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2697-y","article-title":"Both early-onset and late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia are caused mainly by potentially multiresistant bacteria","volume":"31","author":"E Giantsou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"339","article-title":"Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria in non-ventilated patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia","volume":"39","author":"R Seligman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol Publicacao Of Soc Bras Pneumol E Tisilogia"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00267602","article-title":"Hospital-acquired pneumonia: microbiological data and potential adequacy of antimicrobial regimens","volume":"20","author":"O Leroy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.09.34","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia related to ESBL-producing gram negative bacilli","volume":"6","author":"B Pilmis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2013.04.018","article-title":"Risk factors for developing ESBL E. coli: can clinicians predict infection in patients with prior colonization?","volume":"84","author":"T Goulenok","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw425","article-title":"A Clinical Decision Tree to Predict Whether a Bacteremic Patient Is Infected With an Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Organism","volume":"63","author":"K E Goodman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5154-4","article-title":"Infection-related ventilator-associated complications in ICU patients colonised with extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"44","author":"F Barbier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2675-0","article-title":"Clinical impact and risk factors for colonization with extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing bacteria in the intensive care unit","volume":"38","author":"K Razazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-017-0237-x","article-title":"Relation between presence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in systematic rectal swabs and respiratory tract specimens in ICU patients","volume":"7","author":"H Carbonne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001471","article-title":"Significance of Prior Digestive Colonization With Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Patients With Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia","volume":"44","author":"R Bruy\u00e8re","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2013.875515","article-title":"Colonization and infection with extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in high-risk patients \u2013 Review of the literature from a clinical perspective","volume":"42","author":"L M Biehl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"455","article-title":"A systematic literature review and expert consensus on risk factors associated to infection progression in adult patients with respiratory tract or rectal colonisation by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"35","author":"R Ferrer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Espanola Quimioter Publicacion Of Soc Espanola Quimioter"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000510","article-title":"Global prospective epidemiologic and surveillance study of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"42","author":"M H Kollef","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2008.02.001","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant organisms or Pseudomonas aeruginosa: prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and outcomes","volume":"23","author":"C M Parker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2495-6","article-title":"COPD patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: implications for management","volume":"34","author":"D Koulenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03644-6","article-title":"Risk factors for acquisition of carbapenem-resistance during treatment with carbapenem in the intensive care unit: a prospective study","volume":"38","author":"F Labaste","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"8","article-title":"Nasal colonization and lower respiratory tract infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"24","author":"B Tilahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care Off Publ Am Assoc Crit-Care Nurses"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01805-13","article-title":"Predictive value of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal swab PCR assay for MRSA pneumonia","volume":"58","author":"B Dangerfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181eeda3f","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization is a poor predictor of intensive care unit-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections requiring antibiotic treatment","volume":"38","author":"K V Sarikonda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a66bb8","article-title":"The prevalence and significance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization at admission in the general ICU Setting: a meta-analysis of published studies","volume":"42","author":"P D Ziakas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201708-1717LE","article-title":"Evaluation of the 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America\/American Thoracic Society Guideline Criteria for Risk of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens in Patients with Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in the ICU","volume":"197","author":"P K Ekren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00028","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00028-2018","article-title":"Summary of the international clinical guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired and ventilator-acquired pneumonia","volume":"4","author":"A Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.395","article-title":"Utilization of cumulative antibiograms for public health surveillance: Trends in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae susceptibility, Massachusetts, 2008-2018","volume":"42","author":"Q T Vo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz082","article-title":"The Importance of Cumulative Antibiograms in Diagnostic Stewardship","volume":"69","author":"J Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0610","article-title":"Impact of diagnostic criteria on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"147","author":"A Ego","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-77-5-701","article-title":"Nosocomial respiratory infections with gram-negative bacilli. The significance of colonization of the respiratory tract","volume":"77","author":"W G Johanson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.10.867","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia revisited: comparative validation using immediate post-mortem lung biopsies","volume":"54","author":"N F\u00e0bregas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.2.547","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical judgment in the identification and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients","volume":"103","author":"J Y Fagon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.2.458","article-title":"The radiologic diagnosis of autopsy-proven ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"101","author":"R G Wunderink","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.11.013","article-title":"Diagnosis and features of hospital-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"92","author":"C D Russell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afv168","article-title":"Hospital-acquired pneumonia incidence and diagnosis in older patients","volume":"45","author":"L A Burton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(96)00040-2","article-title":"The value of clinical judgment in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia","volume":"171","author":"T S Helling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"M Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0288","article-title":"Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"C W Seymour","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000249826.81273.E4","article-title":"Early predictors for infection recurrence and death in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"35","author":"A Combes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"144","article-title":"A comparison of APACHE II and CPIS scores for the prediction of 30-day mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"30","author":"X Y Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.09.003","article-title":"Risk prediction models for mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"J Larsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06036-z","article-title":"Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill adult patients \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"S M Fernando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30367-4","article-title":"Biomarker-guided antibiotic stewardship in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAPrapid2): a randomised controlled trial and process evaluation","volume":"8","author":"T P Hellyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.09.036","article-title":"C-reactive protein and procalcitonin profile in ventilator-associated lower respiratory infections","volume":"48","author":"L Coelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01207-6","article-title":"Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein perform better than the neutrophil\/lymphocyte count ratio in evaluating hospital acquired pneumonia","volume":"20","author":"N Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-016-0134-8","article-title":"Biomarker kinetics in the prediction of VAP diagnosis: results from the BioVAP study","volume":"6","author":"P P\u00f3voa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00086707","article-title":"Sequential measurements of procalcitonin levels in diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"P Ramirez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E734","DOI":"10.1532\/hsf.3987","article-title":"Diagnosis Value of Procalcitonin Variation on Early Pneumonia after Adult Cardiac Surgery","volume":"24","author":"H Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Surg Forum"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03720-x","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia diagnosis: a prioritization exercise based on multi-criteria decision analysis","volume":"39","author":"J Ferreira-Coimbra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"391","article-title":"The current status of biomarkers for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonias","volume":"23","author":"J IF Salluh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2020_591","article-title":"Procalcitonin in the Assessment of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: A Systematic Review","volume":"1323","author":"F Alessandri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115721","article-title":"Elucidating the role of procalcitonin as a biomarker in hospitalized COVID-19 patients","volume":"103","author":"K Cowman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.05.007","article-title":"Biomarkers kinetics in the assessment of ventilator-associated pneumonia response to antibiotics \u2013 results from the BioVAP study","volume":"41","author":"P P\u00f3voa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-746OC","article-title":"Procalcitonin kinetics as a prognostic marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"171","author":"C E Luyt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000297886.32564.CF","article-title":"C-reactive protein correlates with bacterial load and appropriate antibiotic therapy in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"36","author":"T Lisboa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref89","first-page":"37","article-title":"[S3 Guideline Sepsis-prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and aftercare\u202f: Long version]","volume":"115","author":"F M Brunkhorst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Klin Intensivmed Notfallmedizin"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000742","article-title":"Lactate measurements in sepsis-induced tissue hypoperfusion: results from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign database","volume":"43","author":"B Casserly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0289","article-title":"Developing a New Definition and Assessing New Clinical Criteria for Septic Shock: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"M Shankar-Hari","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3955-2","article-title":"Early lactate clearance-guided therapy in patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"41","author":"W J Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14453","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014453","article-title":"Relative efficacy and safety of early lactate clearance-guided therapy resuscitation in patients with sepsis: A meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"J Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.1.213","article-title":"Multicenter study of hospital-acquired pneumonia in non-ICU patients","volume":"127","author":"N Sopena","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.4.1075","article-title":"Blood cultures have limited value in predicting severity of illness and as a diagnostic tool in ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"116","author":"C M Luna","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"742","article-title":"The microbiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"50","author":"D R Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2602","article-title":"Systematic review and metaanalysis: urinary antigen tests for Legionellosis","volume":"136","author":"T Shimada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0697-x","article-title":"Comparison of the sensitivity of the Legionella urinary antigen EIA kits from Binax and Biotest with urine from patients with infections caused by less common serogroups and subgroups of Legionella","volume":"28","author":"C W Olsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.09.036","article-title":"Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae in hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults","volume":"108","author":"J A Suaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2348-2","article-title":"Invasive and non-invasive diagnostic approaches for microbiological diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia","volume":"23","author":"O T Ranzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.05.011","article-title":"The accuracy of Gram stain of respiratory specimens in excluding Staphylococcus aureus in ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"29","author":"T Gottesman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis512","article-title":"Is the gram stain useful in the microbiologic diagnosis of VAP? A meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"J C O\u2019Horo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of Gram staining when predicting staphylococcal hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"O T Ranzani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e226136","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.6136","article-title":"Effect of Gram Stain-Guided Initial Antibiotic Therapy on Clinical Response in Patients With Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: The GRACE-VAP Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"5","author":"J Yoshimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20140223","article-title":"Microscopic examination of intracellular organisms in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a prospective multi-center study","volume":"127","author":"C Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.102.5_Supplement_1.571S","article-title":"The standardization of criteria for processing and interpreting laboratory specimens in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"102","author":"V S Baselski","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199802000-00017","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage in nosocomial pneumonia: impact of previous antimicrobial treatments","volume":"26","author":"B Souweine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P877","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00086-8","article-title":"Fast multiplex bacterial PCR of bronchoalveolar lavage for antibiotic stewardship in hospitalised patients with pneumonia at risk of Gram-negative bacterial infection (Flagship II): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"A M Darie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"734","article-title":"Respiratory multiplex PCR and procalcitonin to reduce antibiotic exposure in severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a multicentre randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"M Fartoukh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00595","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00595-2021","article-title":"Multiplex bacterial PCR in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of non-intubated patients with suspected pulmonary infection: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"8","author":"A Salina","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-216990","article-title":"Multicentre evaluation of two multiplex PCR platforms for the rapid microbiological investigation of nosocomial pneumonia in UK ICUs: the INHALE WP1 study","volume":"77","author":"V I Enne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03102-2","article-title":"Usefulness of point-of-care multiplex PCR to rapidly identify pathogens responsible for ventilator-associated pneumonia and their resistance to antibiotics: an observational study","volume":"24","author":"C E Luyt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05618-6","article-title":"INHALE: the impact of using FilmArray Pneumonia Panel molecular diagnostics for hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia on antimicrobial stewardship and patient outcomes in UK Critical Care \u2013 study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"J High","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.065","article-title":"Performance of existing definitions and tests for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in critically ill, adult patients: A systematic review with qualitative evidence synthesis","volume":"81","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.08.005","article-title":"The performance of galactomannan in combination with 1,3-\u03b2-D-glucan or aspergillus-lateral flow device for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: Evidences from 13 studies","volume":"93","author":"L Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1502659","article-title":"Systematic review and network meta-analysis of clinical outcomes associated with isavuconazole versus relevant comparators for patients with invasive aspergillosis","volume":"34","author":"R Herbrecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1086\/514341","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial)","volume":"44","author":"O A Cornely","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00219-1","article-title":"Posaconazole versus voriconazole for primary treatment of invasive aspergillosis: a phase 3, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial","volume":"397","author":"J A Maertens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13274","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients: Review of definitions and diagnostic approaches","volume":"64","author":"J D Jenks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1855","article-title":"Guidance on Imaging for Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis: From the Imaging Working Group for the Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Fungal Disease from the EORTC\/MSGERC","volume":"72","author":"B D Alexander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3690-7","article-title":"Chronic Aspergillosis of the Lungs: Unravelling the Terminology and Radiology","volume":"25","author":"S R Desai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.08.007","article-title":"Computed tomography findings in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in non-neutropenic transplant recipients and neutropenic patients, and their prognostic value","volume":"63","author":"S Y Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii27","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz041","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of invasive fungal infections: looking ahead","volume":"74","author":"M Sanguinetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5680","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519874901","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and outcome analysis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis infection: a retrospective study in 43 nonneutropenic patients","volume":"47","author":"L Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01512-8","article-title":"Dynamic monitor of CT scan within short interval in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis for nonneutropenic patients: a retrospective analysis in two centers","volume":"21","author":"F Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002-0355OC","article-title":"Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Patients with Suspected Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in UK ICUs","volume":"202","author":"L Loughlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref128","first-page":"1150","article-title":"[Aspergillus in airway material: Ignore or treat?]","volume":"58","author":"H JF Salzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internist"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13478","article-title":"Comparison of four diagnostic criteria for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis-A diagnostic accuracy study in critically ill patients","volume":"65","author":"M Schroeder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.08.003","article-title":"Performance of existing definitions and tests for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in critically ill, non-neutropenic, adult patients: An update including COVID-19 data","volume":"85","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30847-1","article-title":"Defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: the 2020 ECMM\/ISHAM consensus criteria for research and clinical guidance","volume":"21","author":"P Koehler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06091-6","article-title":"Review of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients and proposal for a case definition: an expert opinion","volume":"46","author":"P E Verweij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201906-1185ST","article-title":"Microbiological Laboratory Testing in the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections in Pulmonary and Critical Care Practice. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"200","author":"C A Hage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095865","article-title":"Viral infection is not uncommon in adult patients with severe hospital-acquired pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"H L Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.08.295","article-title":"Clinical practice of respiratory virus diagnostics in critically ill patients with a suspected pneumonia: A prospective observational study","volume":"83","author":"F van Someren Gr\u00e9ve","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Virol Off Publ Pan Am Soc Clin Virol"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R104","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11387","article-title":"Should lower respiratory tract secretions from intensive care patients be systematically screened for influenza virus during the influenza season?","volume":"16","author":"M Giannella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-016-0920-0","article-title":"Characteristics and management of patients with influenza in a German hospital during the 2014\/2015 influenza season","volume":"44","author":"S Hagel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.10.016","article-title":"Characterisation of nosocomial and community-acquired influenza in a large university hospital during two consecutive influenza seasons","volume":"73","author":"D Huzly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Virol Off Publ Pan Am Soc Clin Virol"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1086\/431588","article-title":"Improved diagnosis of the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia with real-time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"41","author":"K E Templeton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00517-16","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of the New High-Throughput Luminex NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen Panel Assay for Multiplex Respiratory Pathogen Detection","volume":"54","author":"J HK Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.09.003","article-title":"Molecular point-of-care testing for lower respiratory tract pathogens improves safe antibiotic de-escalation in patients with pneumonia in the ICU: Results of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"85","author":"S Poole","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref142","first-page":"CD006482","article-title":"Quantitative versus qualitative cultures of respiratory secretions for clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"2014","author":"D C Berton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052904","article-title":"A randomized trial of diagnostic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"355","author":"Canadian Critical Care Trials Group","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-8-200004180-00004","article-title":"Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial","volume":"132","author":"J Y Fagon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.1.9907090","article-title":"Noninvasive versus invasive microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia: evaluation of outcome","volume":"162","author":"M Ruiz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.2.97-02039","article-title":"Impact of invasive and noninvasive quantitative culture sampling on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pilot study","volume":"157","author":"J M Sanchez-Nieto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200008000-00009","article-title":"Impact of quantitative invasive diagnostic techniques in the management and outcome of mechanically ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia","volume":"28","author":"J Sol\u00e9 Viol\u00e1n","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199604000-00002","article-title":"Histopathologic and microbiologic aspects of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"84","author":"N F\u00e0bregas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.2.445","article-title":"The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comparison of histologic, microbiologic, and clinical criteria","volume":"112","author":"S H Kirtland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06898-5","article-title":"Bronchoscopy for diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"49","author":"I Martin-Loeches","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01028-14","article-title":"Analysis of culture-dependent versus culture-independent techniques for identification of bacteria in clinically obtained bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"52","author":"R P Dickson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.1.172","article-title":"Usefulness of airway visualization in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients","volume":"110","author":"J F Timsit","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000781","article-title":"Effects of bronchoalveolar lavage volume on arterial oxygenation in mechanically ventilated patients with pneumonia","volume":"27","author":"T T Bauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9","article-title":"Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock","volume":"34","author":"A Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R135","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12814","article-title":"Storage of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and accuracy of microbiologic diagnostics in the ICU: a prospective observational study","volume":"17","author":"N Kneidinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000114813.85853.EA","article-title":"Accuracy of delayed (24 hours) processing of bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosing bacterial pneumonia","volume":"32","author":"A de Lassence","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2015-133825","article-title":"Radiology as an aid to diagnosis in lung disease","volume":"92","author":"S Ellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2022.LL_Qualit\u00e4tssicherung_R\u00f6ntgendiagnostik","article-title":"Leitlinie der Bundes\u00e4rztekammer zur Qualit\u00e4tssicherung in der R\u00f6ntgendiagnostik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dt \u00c4rztebl"},{"key":"ref159","first-page":"58","article-title":"[Chest x-ray: from black and white imaging to diagnosis]","volume":"164","author":"E Nelles","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMW Fortschr Med"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.12636","article-title":"Journal Club: Structured radiology reports are more complete and more effective than unstructured reports","volume":"203","author":"P A Marcovici","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.102.6.1697","article-title":"Can portable chest x-ray examination accurately diagnose lung consolidation after major abdominal surgery? A comparison with computed tomography scan","volume":"102","author":"L Beydon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3955","article-title":"The clinical value of daily routine chest radiographs in a mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit is low","volume":"10","author":"M E Graat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref163","first-page":"13","article-title":"[Nosocomial pneumonia from a\u00a0radiological perspective]","volume":"57","author":"P Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiol"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0017OC","article-title":"Early Chest Computed Tomography Scan to Assist Diagnosis and Guide Treatment Decision for Suspected Community-acquired Pneumonia","volume":"192","author":"Y E Claessens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70393-X","article-title":"Nonresolving pneumonia and mimics of pneumonia","volume":"85","author":"L Rome","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000955","article-title":"Early chest CT-scan in emergency patients affected by community-acquired pneumonia is associated with improved diagnosis consistency","volume":"29","author":"Y E Claessens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med Off J Eur Soc Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030534","article-title":"Nosocomial Pneumonia in the Era of Multidrug-Resistance: Updates in Diagnosis and Management","volume":"9","author":"E Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.11.021","article-title":"Sonographic patterns of lung consolidation in mechanically ventilated patients with and without ventilator-associated pneumonia: a prospective cohort study","volume":"30","author":"T Berlet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2015.12.012","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound for Early Diagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia","volume":"149","author":"S Mongodi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.10.003","article-title":"Performance comparison of lung ultrasound and chest x-ray for the diagnosis of pneumonia in the ED","volume":"32","author":"J E Bourcier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-022-01013-9","article-title":"Usefulness of lung ultrasound for early detection of hospital-acquired pneumonia in cardiac critically ill patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"12","author":"J Pasqueron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005303","article-title":"Extended Lung Ultrasound to Differentiate Between Pneumonia and Atelectasis in Critically Ill Patients: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study","volume":"50","author":"M E Haaksma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.06.029","article-title":"Antibiotic Timing and Progression to Septic Shock Among Patients in the ED With Suspected Infection","volume":"161","author":"R Bisarya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-03901-9","article-title":"Adverse effects of delayed antimicrobial treatment and surgical source control in adults with sepsis: results of a planned secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"H R\u00fcddel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref175","first-page":"984","article-title":"Comparison of Cefepime with Piperacillin\/Tazobactam Treatment in Patients with Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"B G Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiot Basel Switz"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-007-6193-x","article-title":"A randomized study of sequential intravenous\/oral moxifloxacin in comparison to sequential intravenous ceftriaxone\/oral cefuroxime axetil in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia","volume":"35","author":"G H\u00f6ffken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20108","article-title":"Carbapenems versus \u03b2-lactam and \u03b2-lactamase inhibitors for treatment of nosocomial pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"H Q Cang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-006-0193-0","article-title":"Ertapenem versus cefepime for initial empirical treatment of pneumonia acquired in skilled-care facilities or in hospitals outside the intensive care unit","volume":"25","author":"S V Yakovlev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01273-x","article-title":"M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae are no relevant pathogens in critically ill patients with hospital-acquired respiratory tract infections","volume":"47","author":"S Hagel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000297956.27474.9D","article-title":"Empiric antibiotic therapy for suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"36","author":"M AW Aarts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199710000-00015","article-title":"Empiric treatment of hospital-acquired lower respiratory tract infections with meropenem or ceftazidime with tobramycin: a randomized study. Meropenem Lower Respiratory Infection Group","volume":"25","author":"B Sieger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref182","first-page":"41","article-title":"Comparison of extended versus intermittent infusion of antipseudomonal beta-lactams for the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"L Aboulatta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14632","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014632","article-title":"Continuous versus intermittent infusions of antibiotics for the treatment of infectious diseases: Meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"98","author":"C H Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05149-6","article-title":"Comparing clinical outcomes of piperacillin-tazobactam administration and dosage strategies in critically ill adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"S Fawaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-017-0446-6","article-title":"Correction to: Continuous Infusion Versus Intermittent Bolus of Beta-Lactams in Critically Ill Patients with Respiratory Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Y R Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201601-0024OC","article-title":"Continuous versus Intermittent \u03b2-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis. A Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data from Randomized Trials","volume":"194","author":"J A Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-014-2369-9","article-title":"Pharmakokinetik und Pharmakodynamik der Antibiotikatherapie","volume":"63","author":"S Beck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-016-0213-5","article-title":"Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring und individualisierte Dosierung von Antibiotika bei der Sepsis: Modern oder nur \u201emodisch\u201c?","volume":"113","author":"A Brinkmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Klin \u2013 Intensivmed Notfallmedizin"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000681","article-title":"Prolonged infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics for Gram-negative infections: rationale and evidence base","volume":"33","author":"M H Abdul-Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06609-6","article-title":"Effect of therapeutic drug monitoring-based dose optimization of piperacillin\/tazobactam on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with sepsis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"48","author":"S Hagel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00149508","article-title":"Feedback dose alteration significantly affects probability of pathogen eradication in nosocomial pneumonia","volume":"34","author":"F Scaglione","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00276","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00276-21","article-title":"Update from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)","volume":"60","author":"C G Giske","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00521-12","article-title":"Population Pharmacokinetics of Extended-Infusion Piperacillin-Tazobactam in Hospitalized Patients with Nosocomial Infections","volume":"56","author":"T W Felton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.12163","article-title":"Effect of Piperacillin-Tazobactam vs Meropenem on 30-Day Mortality for Patients With E coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae Bloodstream Infection and Ceftriaxone Resistance: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"320","author":"P NA Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190016684453","article-title":"Simplifying Piperacillin\/Tazobactam Dosing: Pharmacodynamics of Utilizing Only 4.5 or 3.375\u200ag Doses for Patients With Normal and Impaired Renal Function","volume":"30","author":"A K Thabit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref196","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline","volume":"24","author":"A J Ullmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1086\/521245","article-title":"The value of computed tomography-guided percutaneous lung biopsy for diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised patients","volume":"45","author":"C Lass-Fl\u00f6rl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3262","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00251-13","article-title":"Potential factors for inadequate voriconazole plasma concentrations in intensive care unit patients and patients with hematological malignancies","volume":"57","author":"M Hoenigl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707782360132","article-title":"Therapeutic targets in respiratory viral infections","volume":"14","author":"G Rohde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30099-9","article-title":"Colistin alone versus colistin plus meropenem for treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: an open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"M Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2018.1425279","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tigecycline monotherapy versus combination therapy for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): a meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"30","author":"X R Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Chemother Florence Italy"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106512","article-title":"Beta-lactam monotherapy or combination therapy for bloodstream infections or pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"L Onorato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181e96b91","article-title":"A survival benefit of combination antibiotic therapy for serious infections associated with sepsis and septic shock is contingent only on the risk of death: a meta-analytic\/meta-regression study","volume":"38","author":"A Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51711-x","article-title":"Monotherapy versus combination therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"A Schmid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.12.020","article-title":"Intravenous colistin combination antimicrobial treatment vs. monotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"K Z Vardakas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw377","article-title":"Polymyxin monotherapy or in combination against carbapenem-resistant bacteria: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"O Zusman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.013","article-title":"Empirical mono- versus combination antibiotic therapy in adult intensive care patients with severe sepsis \u2013 A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis","volume":"74","author":"F Sj\u00f6vall","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref209","first-page":"CD003344","article-title":"Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis","volume":"2014","author":"M Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703058","article-title":"Time to Treatment and Mortality during Mandated Emergency Care for Sepsis","volume":"376","author":"C W Seymour","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2808-5","article-title":"Potentially resistant microorganisms in intubated patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia: the interaction of ecology, shock and risk factors","volume":"39","author":"I Martin-Loeches","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R78","DOI":"10.1186\/cc4919","article-title":"Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy of nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a prospective observational study","volume":"10","author":"F Alvarez-Lerma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05929-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial-associated harm in critical care: a narrative review","volume":"46","author":"N Arulkumaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000275389.31974.22","article-title":"Optimal management therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia: an observational, multicenter study comparing monotherapy with combination antibiotic therapy","volume":"35","author":"J Garnacho-Montero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.5.1127","article-title":"Monotherapy versus beta-lactam-aminoglycoside combination treatment for gram-negative bacteremia: a prospective, observational study","volume":"41","author":"L Leibovici","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0B013E31816203D6","article-title":"Randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"36","author":"D K Heyland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4325-4","article-title":"The standard of care of patients with ARDS: ventilatory settings and rescue therapies for refractory hypoxemia","volume":"42","author":"T Bein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0202-8","article-title":"The use of inhaled antibiotic therapy in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia and tracheobronchitis: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"C J Russell","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.06.004","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of adjunctive inhaled antibiotics for ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"65","author":"R Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000771","article-title":"The role of aerosolized colistin in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"43","author":"A Valachis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2106-x","article-title":"Aerosolized antibiotics for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pairwise and Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"F Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2021.0023","article-title":"The Unfulfilled Promise of Inhaled Therapy in Ventilator-Associated Infections: Where Do We Go from Here?","volume":"35","author":"L B Palmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0868-y","article-title":"Nebulized antibiotics for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"F G Zampieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31827515de","article-title":"Efficacy of high-dose nebulized colistin in ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"117","author":"Q Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.6.2007020","article-title":"Resolution of infectious parameters after antimicrobial therapy in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"163","author":"P J Dennesen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828a674a","article-title":"Validation of predictors of adverse outcomes in hospital-acquired pneumonia in the ICU","volume":"41","author":"M Esperatti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2011.07.081","article-title":"The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and copeptin for predicting survival in ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"27","author":"L Boeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref228","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Does de-escalation of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia affect the likelihood of recurrent pneumonia or mortality in critically ill surgical patients?","volume":"66","author":"S R Eachempati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2016.1277035","article-title":"Impact of combination therapy and early de-escalation on outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"49","author":"L Deconinck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-017-0499-2","article-title":"A retrospective study of antibiotic de-escalation in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in Malaysia","volume":"39","author":"R A Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.231529","article-title":"Antibiotics De-Escalation in the Treatment of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Trauma Patients: A Retrospective Study on Propensity Score Matching Method","volume":"131","author":"H Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2007.12.006","article-title":"The safety of targeted antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a multicenter observational study","volume":"23","author":"A R Joffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R79","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10072","article-title":"Impact of de-escalation therapy on clinical outcomes for intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia","volume":"15","author":"M K Joung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit223","article-title":"Effect of adequate single-drug vs combination antimicrobial therapy on mortality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: a post Hoc analysis of a prospective cohort","volume":"57","author":"C Pe\u00f1a","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101880","article-title":"Comparison of a short versus long-course antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"58","author":"M A Daghmouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref236","first-page":"CD007577","article-title":"Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults","volume":"2015","author":"R Pugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06690-5","article-title":"Comparison of 8 versus 15\u00a0days of antibiotic therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized, controlled, open-label trial","volume":"48","author":"A Bougl\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041290","article-title":"Early-Onset Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Adults Randomized Clinical Trial: Comparison of 8 versus 15 Days of Antibiotic Treatment. Spellberg B, Herausgeber","volume":"7","author":"G Capellier","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.19.2588","article-title":"Comparison of 8 vs 15 Days of Antibiotic Therapy for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Adults: A Randomized Trial","volume":"290","author":"J Chastre","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R218","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11862","article-title":"A randomized trial of 7-day doripenem versus 10-day imipenem-cilastatin for ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"16","author":"M H Kollef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annfar.2008.10.021","article-title":"Dur\u00e9e de l\u2019antibioth\u00e9rapie lors du traitement des pneumopathies acquises sous ventilation m\u00e9canique\u202f: comparaison entre sept jours et dix jours","volume":"28","author":"M Fekih Hassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"\u00c9tude pilote. Ann Fr Anesth R\u00e9animation"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac784","article-title":"Less Is More? Antibiotic Treatment Duration in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia","volume":"76","author":"O R Albin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.07.019","article-title":"Association between treatment duration and mortality or relapse in adult patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"26","author":"M Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq146","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Adults and Children","volume":"52","author":"C Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1932462","article-title":"Clinical impact of procalcitonin-based algorithms for duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill adult patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"20","author":"A Guti\u00e9rrez-Pizarraya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2019.05.022","article-title":"Adhering to the procalcitonin algorithm allows antibiotic therapy to be shortened in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"53","author":"F Beye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61879-1","article-title":"Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients\u2019 exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units (PRORATA trial): a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"375","author":"L Bouadma","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00053-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients: a randomised, controlled, open-label trial","volume":"16","author":"E De Jong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5114\/ait.2021.104300","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the point-of-care procalcitonin test for determining the antibiotic treatment duration in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"M Z Mazlan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther"},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00053209","article-title":"Procalcitonin for reduced antibiotic exposure in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomised study","volume":"34","author":"D Stolz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1086\/377200","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and influence of delayed receipt of effective antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcome","volume":"37","author":"C I Kang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1086\/496923","article-title":"Is methicillin resistance associated with a worse prognosis in Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia?","volume":"41","author":"J R Zahar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.12.009","article-title":"Meta-analysis of vancomycin versus linezolid in pneumonia with proven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"24","author":"H Kato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.9.2460-2467.2001","article-title":"Continuous versus intermittent infusion of vancomycin in severe Staphylococcal infections: prospective multicenter randomized study","volume":"45","author":"M Wysocki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu219","article-title":"A phase 3 randomized double-blind comparison of ceftobiprole medocaril versus ceftazidime plus linezolid for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia","volume":"59","author":"S S Awad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2022.2040015","article-title":"Investigational agents for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia: progress in clinical trials","volume":"31","author":"D J Burgin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199710000-00015","article-title":"Empiric treatment of hospital-acquired lower respiratory tract infections with meropenem or ceftazidime with tobramycin: a randomized study. Meropenem Lower Respiratory Infection Group","volume":"25","author":"B Sieger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2966","article-title":"Prospective randomized comparison of imipenem-cilastatin and piperacillin-tazobactam in nosocomial pneumonia or peritonitis","volume":"42","author":"C Jaccard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(90)90081-X","article-title":"Comparative clinical trial of ceftazidime and imipenem\/cilastatin in patients with severe nosocomial pneumonias and septicaemias","volume":"15","author":"U Hartenauer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/31.6.927","article-title":"Monotherapy in serious hospital-acquired infections: a clinical trial of ceftazidime versus imipenem\/cilastatin. European Study Group","volume":"31","author":"S R Norrby","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.3.547","article-title":"Treatment of severe pneumonia in hospitalized patients: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial comparing intravenous ciprofloxacin with imipenem-cilastatin. The Severe Pneumonia Study Group","volume":"38","author":"M P Fink","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02109-13","article-title":"Imipenem, meropenem, or doripenem to treat patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"58","author":"C E Luyt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab026","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab026","article-title":"Colistin Nephrotoxicity: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"8","author":"K Eljaaly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1013","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidance on the Treatment of AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales, Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Infections","volume":"74","author":"P D Tamma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm180","article-title":"Efficacy of ertapenem in the treatment of early ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms in an intensive care unit","volume":"60","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2206-2212.2001","article-title":"Outcome of cephalosporin treatment for serious infections due to apparently susceptible organisms producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: implications for the clinical microbiology laboratory","volume":"39","author":"D L Paterson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3842","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1479","article-title":"Association Between Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Beta-lactamase Genes and Mortality for Patients Treated With Piperacillin\/Tazobactam or Meropenem From the MERINO Study","volume":"73","author":"A Henderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref268","first-page":"665","article-title":"Early Treatment Outcomes for Bloodstream Infections Caused by Potential AmpC Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales with Focus on Piperacillin\/Tazobactam: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"10","author":"L Herrmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiot Basel Switz"},{"key":"ref269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv346","article-title":"Carbapenems versus alternative antibiotics for the treatment of bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacter, Citrobacter or Serratia species: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"P NA Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03694-3","article-title":"Ceftolozane\/tazobactam versus meropenem in patients with ventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia: subset analysis of the ASPECT-NP randomized, controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"25","author":"J F Timsit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30747-8","article-title":"Ceftazidime-avibactam versus meropenem in nosocomial pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (REPROVE): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial","volume":"18","author":"A Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30796-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cefiderocol or best available therapy for the treatment of serious infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CREDIBLE-CR): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, pathogen-focused, descriptive, phase 3 trial","volume":"21","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac268","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America 2022 Guidance on the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-lactamase Producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Difficult-to-Treat Resistance (DTR-P. aeruginosa)","volume":"75","author":"P D Tamma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref274","first-page":"521","article-title":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) guidelines for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (endorsed by European society of intensive care medicine)","volume":"28","author":"M Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-00981-y","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Meropenem-Vaborbactam Versus Best Available Therapy for the Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections in Patients Without Prior Antimicrobial Failure: A Post Hoc Analysis","volume":"36","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"ref276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-009-9225-x","article-title":"Increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from four German University Hospitals, 2002-2006","volume":"38","author":"M Wadl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit253","article-title":"Colistin and rifampicin compared with colistin alone for the treatment of serious infections due to extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"E Durante-Mangoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113239","article-title":"Colistin Monotherapy versus Colistin plus Meropenem Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"C Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70083-0","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging opportunist human pathogen","volume":"9","author":"W J Looney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2008.20.6.761","article-title":"Tigecycline for treatment of nosocomial-acquired pneumonia possibly caused by multi-drug resistant strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"20","author":"D Blanquer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Chemother Florence Italy"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.05.007","article-title":"Biomarkers kinetics in the assessment of ventilator-associated pneumonia response to antibiotics \u2013 results from the BioVAP study","volume":"41","author":"P P\u00f3voa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1740584","article-title":"Defining Clinical and Microbiological Nonresponse in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia","volume":"43","author":"A Ceccato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2007.11.010","article-title":"Correlates of clinical failure in ventilator-associated pneumonia: insights from a large, randomized trial","volume":"23","author":"A F Shorr","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"ref284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.6_Pt_1.1552","article-title":"Quantitative Cultures of Endotracheal Aspirates for the Diagnosis of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia","volume":"148","author":"M El-Ebiary","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200202-123OC","article-title":"Impact of Invasive Strategy on Management of Antimicrobial Treatment Failure in Institutionalized Older People with Severe Pneumonia","volume":"166","author":"A A El-Solh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.2.662","article-title":"Quantitative Culture of Endotracheal Aspirates in the Diagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Patients With Treatment Failure","volume":"122","author":"C L Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03296-5","article-title":"Effect of antiviral therapy on the outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients with herpes simplex virus detected in the respiratory tract: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"S Hagel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Lond Engl"},{"key":"ref288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.5713","article-title":"Acyclovir for Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Herpes Simplex Virus Oropharyngeal Reactivation: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"180","author":"C E Luyt","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00793-2","article-title":"Preemptive ganciclovir for mechanically ventilated patients with cytomegalovirus reactivation","volume":"11","author":"L Papazian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13245","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13245","article-title":"Antibiotic de-escalation in patients with pneumonia in the intensive care unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"R Ambaras Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref291","first-page":"CD003543","article-title":"Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients","volume":"2","author":"P Davey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr137","article-title":"Impact of antimicrobial stewardship in critical care: a systematic review","volume":"66","author":"R Kaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.06.003","article-title":"Pharmacist-led education-based antimicrobial stewardship interventions and their effect on antimicrobial use in hospital inpatients: a systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"115","author":"T Monmaturapoj","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref294","first-page":"960","article-title":"Antibiotic de-escalation for bloodstream infections and pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"M Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00065-7","article-title":"Current evidence on hospital antimicrobial stewardship objectives: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"E C Schuts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.08.006","article-title":"Systematic review of electronic surveillance of infectious diseases with emphasis on antimicrobial resistance surveillance in resource-limited settings","volume":"46","author":"P Rattanaumpawan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e265","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1048","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Electronic Clinical Decision Support Tool for Inpatient Antimicrobial Stewardship","volume":"72","author":"J P Ridgway","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"issue":"S 06","key":"ref299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi30","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky116","article-title":"Quality indicators for responsible antibiotic use in the inpatient setting: a systematic review followed by an international multidisciplinary consensus procedure","volume":"73","author":"A A Monnier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1086\/431983","article-title":"Quality of antibiotic use for lower respiratory tract infections at hospitals: (how) can we measure it?","volume":"41","author":"J A Schouten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.19283","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of Penicillin Allergy: A Review","volume":"321","author":"E S Shenoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref302","first-page":"e153","article-title":"Analysis of a beta-lactam allergy assessment protocol challenging diverse reported allergies managed by an antimicrobial stewardship program","volume":"3","author":"M W Jacobs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol ASHE"}],"container-title":["Pneumologie"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2541-9872.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T23:34:12Z","timestamp":1763768052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2541-9872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":288,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2541-9872","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0934-8387","1438-8790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0934-8387","type":"print"},{"value":"1438-8790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}