{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T19:18:49Z","timestamp":1774379929360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidermal necrolysis (EN) is a very rare, but life-threatening dermatological disease where the skin and various mucous membranes react to drugs (75%) or systemic infections (25%). If up to 10% of the body surface is affected, the disease is called Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS); if more than 30% of the body surface is affected, it is called toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN); if 10\u200a\u2013\u200a30% of the body surface is affected, it is called SJS\/TEN overlap. In the acute phase of the disease, 80% of cases show ophthalmic involvement (from mild conjunctivitis to total de-epithelialisation of the ocular surface). Therefore, patients should be seen by an ophthalmologist within 24\u2009h after symptoms have started. Treatment of the acute ophthalmic problems has a very important impact on long-term eye complications. However, in the long run up to 50% of patients develop chronic sight threatening ocular surface disease which needs further intensive topical and surgical treatment (e.g.\n          lubrification, topical anti-inflammatory agents, lid surgery, scleral lenses, corneal surgery). The indication for corneal transplantation (allogenic penetrating limbo-keratoplasty and keratoprostheses) should be given with due caution, as the prognosis is very poor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2543-9811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T22:30:31Z","timestamp":1750113031000},"page":"644-652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stevens Johnson Syndrome\/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis \u2013 Diagnostic Testing and Treatment for Ophthalmologists"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"Philip Christian","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Freiburg, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Reinhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Freiburg, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28S","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12388434","article-title":"The spectrum of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a clinical classification","volume":"102","author":"J C Roujeau","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"526","article-title":"A New Eruptive Fever Associated with Stomatitis and Ophthalmia: Report of two Cases in Children","volume":"24","author":"A M Stevens","year":"1922","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1956.tb12766.x","article-title":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis: an eruption resembling scalding of the skin","volume":"68","author":"A Lyell","year":"1956","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57090895","article-title":"Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Review of Diagnosis and Management","volume":"57","author":"R Frantz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00061.x","article-title":"SCORTEN: a severity-of-illness score for toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"115","author":"S Bastuji-Garin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bcr.0000150215.78220.79","article-title":"Late outcomes in adult survivors of toxic epidermal necrolysis after treatment in a burn center","volume":"26","author":"J Haber","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Burn Care Rehabil"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31802eb264","article-title":"Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: acute ocular manifestations, causes, and management","volume":"26","author":"Y S Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.03.023","article-title":"Morbidity and Mortality of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in United States Adults","volume":"136","author":"D Y Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.01.031","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in the UK","volume":"137","author":"N Frey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18424","article-title":"Incidence of and mortality from epidermal necrolysis (Stevens\u2010Johnson syndrome\/toxic epidermal necrolysis) in France during 2003\u201316: a four\u2010source capture-recapture estimate","volume":"182","author":"G Chaby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4320195","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in China","volume":"2018","author":"S C Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2009.252","article-title":"ALDEN, an Algorithm for Assessment of Drug Causality in Stevens\u2013Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Comparison With Case\u2013Control Analysis","volume":"88","author":"B Sassolas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701033","article-title":"Stevens\u2013Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Assessment of Medication Risks with Emphasis on Recently Marketed Drugs. 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