{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T23:10:09Z","timestamp":1749683409240,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This brief narrative review discusses the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and\n                    management of trigeminal nerve-related conditions, such as neuropathy and\n                    neuralgia, in patients with diabetes mellitus. Although these conditions are not\n                    very common, there is a solid connection between them in diabetes patients.\n                    Symptoms typically include facial pain, sensory disturbances, and muscle\n                    weakness for neuropathy and severe, stabbing pain for neuralgia. Diagnosis is\n                    based on characteristic clinical manifestations, along with laboratory\n                    investigation and magnetic resonance imaging to exclude other potential causes,\n                    such as tumours, multiple sclerosis, or vascular compression. Treatment focuses\n                    on strict glycaemic control, modification of vascular risk factors,\n                    pharmacological agents (carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine), and neurostimulation\n                    to improve symptoms and quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2552-8692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:28:06Z","timestamp":1741307286000},"page":"321-326","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Trigeminal Nerve in Diabetes Mellitus: A Brief Narrative\n                    Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Pantazopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department\n                    of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of\n                    Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evanthia","family":"Gouveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department\n                    of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of\n                    Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Papazoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department\n                    of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of\n                    Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7320-785X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Papanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre-Diabetic Foot Clinic, Second Department\n                    of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of\n                    Alexandroupolis, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0092-1","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"E L Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e080322201913","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399818666220308161023","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and Bell&apos;s palsy","volume":"19","author":"I Stamatiou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2463-7075","article-title":"Ocular motor mononeuropathies in diabetes mellitus: A brief review","author":"D Pantazopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108932","article-title":"Rare diabetic neuropathies: It is not only distal symmetrical\n                    polyneuropathy","volume":"177","author":"G Samakidou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53480-4.00006-0","article-title":"Diabetic autonomic neuropathy","volume":"126","author":"R Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.5.1553","article-title":"Diabetic autonomic neuropathy","volume":"26","author":"A I Vinik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.444","article-title":"An update on the causes, assessment and management of third division sensory\n                    trigeminal neuropathies","volume":"220","author":"E Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.05.019","article-title":"The trigeminal nerve: An illustrated review of its imaging anatomy and\n                    pathology","volume":"68","author":"G Bathla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"volume-title":"Trigeminal neuropathy. 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