{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T23:10:04Z","timestamp":1756854604262,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnancy diagnosis in South American camelids (SAC) is commonly performed in\n                        early pregnancy about 30 to 45 days after mating. Due to embryonic\n                        mortality, it is advisable to confirm the pregnancy later. A laboratory\n                        analysis would be ideal for this confirmative test using samples which can\n                        be obtained by the breeders. Sampling of feces from the ground immediately\n                        after defecation would be both simple and convenient for the animal and\n                        breeder. Estrone sulfate which is synthetized by the placenta indicating\n                        pregnancy has been found in feces and used as marker for pregnancy in\n                        various animal species (e.\u2009g. pigs, primates).<\/jats:p><jats:p>The objective of this study was to measure estrone sulfate concentrations in\n                        feces of SAC and assess if the fecal estrone sulfate concentrations are\n                        suitable for non-invasive pregnancy detection.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Eighty-six mares (81 alpacas and 5 llamas) from different herds in Germany\n                        and Austria were sampled over a period of one year. The mares were selected\n                        by the breeders regardless the age, nutritional status or number of previous\n                        pregnancies. Of the 86 mares, 83.72% (72 mares) became pregnant and 16.28%\n                        (14 mares) remained non-pregnant despite being mated. All mares were sampled\n                        monthly. The fecal samples were analyzed in the laboratory using a\n                        commercial Estrone-3-Sulfate (E1S) Competitive Elisa Kit.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The estrone sulfate concentrations in feces showed a wide variation over the\n                        entire sampling period and between individual animals. There was a\n                        significant difference in concentration at the end of pregnancy (14 d before\n                        parturition). Additionally, wide variations in estrone sulfate\n                        concentrations were also observed in the feces of non-pregnant mares.\n                        Consequently, the AUC characterizing the diagnostic value of fecal estrone\n                        sulfate concentration to detect pregnancy between days 60 and 150 was very\n                        low (0.455).<\/jats:p><jats:p>It must be concluded that estrone sulfate analysis in feces as collected post\n                        defecation in this study failed to demonstrate any potential as a\n                        confirmatory method for pregnancy diagnosis in SAC. The increase at the end\n                        of pregnancy is unimportant for practical diagnostic procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2563-3236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T22:30:22Z","timestamp":1756852222000},"page":"226-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Could fecal estrone sulfate be used as a confirmatory pregnancy\n                    diagnosis in South American camelids?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wittek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Center for Ruminant and Camelid Medicine, Vetmeduni Vienna,\n                    Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Riepl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Center for Ruminant and Camelid Medicine, Vetmeduni Vienna,\n                    Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Hildebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboklin GmbH & Co KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Baumeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboklin GmbH & Co KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Neuweltkamele in \u00d6sterreich \u2013 Untersuchungen zur Population, Haltung,\n                    Herdenmanagement und Gesundheitsprophylaxe","volume":"105","author":"S Bauerstatter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wiener Tier\u00e4rztl Mschrift"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(05)80011-1","article-title":"Comparison of three methods of pregnancy diagnosis in alpacas and llamas","volume":"34","author":"V Alarc\u00f2n","year":"1990","journal-title":"Theriogenol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(99)00081-0","article-title":"A review on reproduction in South American camelids","volume":"58","author":"B W Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30561-2","article-title":"Reproductive endocrinology of llamas and alpacas","volume":"10","author":"P W Bravo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.130.19.424","article-title":"Ultrasonography as an aid to controlled breeding in the llama (Lama Glama)","volume":"130","author":"D A Bourke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4320(96)01630-2","article-title":"Early pregnancy diagnosis in alpaca (Lama pacos) and llama (Lama glama) by\n                    ultrasound","volume":"47","author":"V H Parraguez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim Reprd Sci"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"555","article-title":"Reproductive failure in female camelids","volume":"6","author":"L K Pearson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Theriogenol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/3.2.243","article-title":"Embryonic mortality in the alpaca","volume":"3","author":"S Fernandez-Baca","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.12.2027","article-title":"Hormonal indicators of pregnancy in llamas and Alpacas","volume":"208","author":"P W Bravo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"618","article-title":"Plasma progesterone concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas (Lama\n                    glama)","volume":"125","author":"C L Adam","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4320(97)00084-5","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of 15-ketodihydro-PGF2\u03b1, progesterone, oestrone sulphate,\n                    oestradiol-17\u00df, and cortisol during late gestation, parturition, and the early\n                    post-partum, period in llamas and alpacas","volume":"50","author":"M A Aba","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sc"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.9.1096","article-title":"Effect of the reproductive state of female alpacas on embryonic mortality\n                    rate","volume":"71","author":"P W Bravo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100393","article-title":"Progesterone, pregnanediol-3-glucuronide, relaxin and oestrone sulphate\n                    concentrations in saliva, milk and urine of female alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and\n                    their application in pregnancy diagnosis","volume":"171","author":"J Volkery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691x(91)90385-q","article-title":"Urinary steroids in the periparturient and postpartum periods through early\n                    pregnancy in llamas","volume":"36","author":"P W Bravo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theriogenol"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"214","article-title":"A review of faecal progesterone metabolite analysis for non-invasive monitoring\n                    of reproductive function in mammals","volume":"62","author":"F Schwarzenberger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mam Biol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.61.661","article-title":"Fecal estrone sulfate profile in sows during gestation","volume":"61","author":"T Ohtaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sc."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)41:2<103:AID-AJP3>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Non-invasive detection and monitoring of estrus, pregnancy and the postpartum\n                    period in pygmy loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) using fecal estrogen\n                    metabolites","volume":"41","author":"M H Jurke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1642-431X(12)60022-9.","article-title":"Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein (PAG) family: Transcripts and gene amplicons\n                    in camelids","volume":"9","author":"M Majewska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Biol"}],"container-title":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Gro\u00dftiere \/ Nutztiere"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2563-3236.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T22:30:23Z","timestamp":1756852223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2563-3236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2563-3236","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-1220","2567-5834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-1220","type":"print"},{"value":"2567-5834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}}}