{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:36:18Z","timestamp":1790253378875,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"07","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endoscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy comprises both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures involving the luminal GI tract as well as the biliary tree, liver, and pancreas. GI endoscopy is challenging to learn, requiring both cognitive (nontechnical) and technical skills, and requires extensive practice to attain proficiency. Simulation-based training has been shown to assist trainees and young endoscopists in acquiring new skills and accelerating the learning curve. Moreover, simulation-based training creates an ideal environment for trainees to initially learn and practice skills while making mistakes with no risk to patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This review, divided in two parts, offers a comprehensive summary of the different classes of simulators available for GI endoscopic training.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In Part I, only mechanical simulators are reported and described. In Part II, animal simulators (ex vivo\/in vivo) and virtual reality models are detailed, together with prototypes that are currently not commercially available. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2569-7736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T23:02:57Z","timestamp":1743807777000},"page":"796-813","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Simulators and training models for diagnostic and therapeutic gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Technical and Technology Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Ian M.","family":"Gralnek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8618-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Fuccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Coluccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forli-Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, Forl\u00ec Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Jacques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Limoges University Hospital Center, Limoges, France"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istvan","family":"Hritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Division of Interventional Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8194-2670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo","family":"Boskoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdelrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Directorate of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Bove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8354-1619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Cunha Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Algarve University Hospital Centre, Portim\u00e3o, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter J. F.","family":"de Jonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Dell\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2242-5048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine Department, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2107-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Facciorusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Universit\u00e0 del Salento, Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodica","family":"Gincul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Private Hospital, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4628-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forli-Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, Forl\u00ec Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Kalapala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bariatric Endoscopy & Center for Artificial Intelligence and Innovation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kapizioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9899-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaius","family":"Longcroft-Wheaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Cosham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Nagl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2945-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Tziatzios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Nea Ionia \"Konstantopoulio-Patision\", Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodor","family":"Voiosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department Colentina Clinical Hospital\/UMF Carol Davila Faculy of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Dray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne University, Centre for Digestive Endoscopy, Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Project Manager, European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.01.037","article-title":"Effects of simulation-based training in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"S Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307173","article-title":"Training and competence assessment in GI endoscopy: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"V E Ekkelenkamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2205-2613","article-title":"Training in basic gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: a European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) Position Statement","volume":"56","author":"G Antonelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"65","article-title":"A new system for teaching proctosigmoidoscopic morphology","volume":"52","author":"H D Markman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.10.037","article-title":"Endoscopic simulators","volume":"90","author":"A J Goodman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-07830-y","article-title":"Endoscopic part-task training box scores correlate with endoscopic outcomes","volume":"35","author":"A Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1365463","article-title":"Development and initial validation of an endoscopic part-task training box","volume":"46","author":"C C Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2022.191","article-title":"Simulator-based training method in gastrointestinal endoscopy training and currently available simulators","volume":"56","author":"Y Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2012.53.2.304","article-title":"The box simulator is useful for training novice endoscopists in basic endoscopic techniques","volume":"53","author":"J M Cha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl17126","article-title":"Efficacy of a three-dimensional-printed training simulator for endoscopic biopsy in the stomach","volume":"12","author":"S Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl18389","article-title":"A newly designed 3-dimensional printer-based gastric hemostasis simulator with two modules for endoscopic trainees (with video)","volume":"13","author":"D S Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vgie.2022.10.004","article-title":"Novel simulator of endoscopic hemostasis with actual endoscope and devices","volume":"8","author":"T Kanno","year":"2023","journal-title":"VideoGIE"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E245","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2248-5110","article-title":"Interactive training with a novel simulation model for upper gastrointestinal endoscopic hemostasis improves trainee technique and confidence","volume":"12","author":"T Kanno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.03.246","article-title":"Construct validation of a physical model colonoscopy simulator","volume":"76","author":"A M Plooy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.10.030","article-title":"Assessing the realism of colonoscopy simulation: the development of an instrument and systematic comparison of 4 simulators","volume":"75","author":"A Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1252","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-114773","article-title":"The efficacy of training insertion skill on a physical model colonoscopy simulator","volume":"4","author":"A M Plooy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2014.08.010","article-title":"Evaluation of two flexible colonoscopy simulators and transfer of skills into clinical practice","volume":"72","author":"P P Gomez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1614-1","article-title":"R Use of the colonoscope training model with the colonoscope 3D imaging probe improved trainee colonoscopy performance: a pilot study","volume":"56","author":"T Kaltenbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"854081","article-title":"P Active stabilization of interventional tasks utilizing a magnetically manipulated endoscope front robot","volume":"9","author":"L Barducci","year":"2022","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v6.i5.193","article-title":"Using motion capture to assess colonoscopy experience level","volume":"6","author":"M B Svendsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E171","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1314-9860","article-title":"Magnetic flexible endoscope for colonoscopy: an initial learning curve analysis","volume":"9","author":"A P Mamunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E291","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1264-6804","article-title":"A novel humanoid-robot simulator for colonoscopy","volume":"53","author":"M Fujii","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061427","article-title":"Training simulators for gastrointestinal endoscopy: current and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"M Finocchiaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2024.101918","article-title":"Navigating the learning landscape: Comprehensive training in third space endoscopy - training, techniques, and practical recommendations","volume":"71","author":"D Roser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.01.27","article-title":"Development and use of a non-biomaterial model for hands-on training of endoscopic procedures","volume":"5","author":"H Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e973","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2134-8567","article-title":"Non-animal endoscopic training models are also effective for simulation of endoscopic submucosal dissection with adaptive traction strategy","volume":"55","author":"E De Cristofaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2022.163","article-title":"Usefulness of a new polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel (PVA-H)-based simulator for endoscopic submucosal dissection training: a pilot study","volume":"56","author":"D S Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.61940\/jimt.230004","article-title":"Endoscopic submucosal dissection hands-on training with artificial mucosal layer EndoGEL","volume":"1","author":"S T Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Innov Med Technol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1261","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1845-5556","article-title":"Development of new gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection training model: A reproducibility evaluation study","volume":"10","author":"T Mitsui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-024-10838-3","article-title":"Novel gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection training model enhances the endoscopic submucosal dissection skills of trainees: a multicenter comparative study","volume":"38","author":"T Mitsui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14527","article-title":"The efficacy of a novel percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy simulator using three-dimensional printing technologies","volume":"34","author":"H K Na","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000580","article-title":"Simulation training improves trainee technical skill and procedural attitudes in endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement","volume":"17","author":"A P Wright","year":"2022","journal-title":"Simul Healthc"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908693","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/908693","article-title":"A novel dry model for practicable sphincterotomy and precut needle knife sphincterotomy","volume":"2014","author":"A Katanuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-103419","article-title":"The Bo\u0161koski-Costamagna ERCP Trainer: from dream to reality","volume":"48","author":"I Bo\u0161koski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"E585","article-title":"Initial validation of a simple, nonbiological, mechanical ERCP training model for cannulation and stent placement","author":"I Jovanovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E758","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-101754","article-title":"Face and construct validity of a novel mechanical ERCP simulator","volume":"6","author":"S E van der Wiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E757","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0842-6369","article-title":"Face validity of a synthetic papilla designed for biliary sphincterotomy training","volume":"7","author":"S E van der Wiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2023.06.014","article-title":"Face and content validity of a biological papilla designed for the Bo\u0161koski-Costamagna ERCP simulator","volume":"98","author":"S Teles de Campos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E145","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1315-1994","article-title":"Motion training on a validated mechanical ERCP simulator improves novice endoscopist performance of selective cannulation: a multicenter trial","volume":"9","author":"T Voiosu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E690","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2114-2842","article-title":"Impact of ERCP simulator training on early ERCP learning curves of novice trainees: a cohort study","volume":"11","author":"S E van der Wiel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2443-6582","article-title":"Fast-tracking ERCP learning with the Bo\u0161koski-Costamagna Trainer: results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"S Teles de Campos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(04)02219-9","article-title":"Technology review: the use of simulators for training in GI endoscopy","volume":"60","author":"L B Gerson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2006.03.010","article-title":"Currently available simulators: ex vivo models","volume":"16","author":"J Hochberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17338","article-title":"Part 1 The Erlanger endo-trainer","volume":"33","author":"M Neumann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(04)02471-X","article-title":"Training with the compactEASIE biologic endoscopy simulator significantly improves hemostatic technical skill of gastroenterology fellows: a randomized controlled comparison with clinical endoscopy training alone","volume":"61","author":"J Hochberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-861351","article-title":"Objective benefit of a 1-day training course in endoscopic hemostasis using the \"compactEASIE\" endoscopy simulator","volume":"37","author":"J Maiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"1217","article-title":"The complementary Erlangen active simulator for interventional endoscopy training is superior to solely clinical education in endoscopic hemostasis \u2013 the French training project: a prospective trial","volume":"18","author":"J Maiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2006.07.007","article-title":"The compactEASIE is a feasible training model for endoscopic novices: a prospective randomised trial","volume":"39","author":"J Maiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2005.09.018","article-title":"Efficacy and costs of a one-day hands-on EASIE endoscopy simulator train-the-trainer workshop","volume":"62","author":"K Matthes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-826177","article-title":"Push-and-pull enteroscopy using the double-balloon technique: method of assessing depth of insertion and training of the enteroscopy technique using the Erlangen Endo-Trainer","volume":"37","author":"A May","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-8090","article-title":"The Erlangen Endo-Trainer: life-like simulation for diagnostic and interventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiography","volume":"32","author":"M Neumann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(03)70025-X","article-title":"A direct comparison of ERCP teaching models","volume":"57","author":"R Sedlack","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1286","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-118176","article-title":"Learning curve for endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of pancreatic lesions in a novel ex-vivo simulation model","volume":"4","author":"J M Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-946656","article-title":"The role of simulators, models, phantoms: Where's the evidence?","volume":"38","author":"K Matsuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P.AB292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(05)01485-9","article-title":"Development of new modules for the EUS Phantom (EUS RK model): evaluation by six EUS experts","volume":"61","author":"K Matsuda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.02.046","article-title":"The Neo-Papilla: a new modification of porcine ex vivo simulators for ERCP training (with videos)","volume":"64","author":"K Matthes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.01.063","article-title":"Endoscopic simulators","volume":"73","author":"D J Desilets","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00942.x","article-title":"Validation of a colonoscopy simulation model for skills assessment","volume":"102","author":"R E Sedlack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-012-2332-2","article-title":"Systematic review of validity testing in colonoscopy simulation","volume":"26","author":"J Ansell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2006.03.011","article-title":"Animal models for endoscopic simulation","volume":"16","author":"M S Wagh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(90)71175-3","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in the swine: a new model for endoscopic training and hepatobiliary research","volume":"36","author":"C F Gholson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-966336","article-title":"EUS training in a live pig model: does it improve echo endoscope hands-on and trainee competence?","volume":"39","author":"M Barthet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2021.1879251","article-title":"Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD): how do Western endoscopists value animal models?","volume":"56","author":"R K\u00fcttner-Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640617742484","article-title":"Training in endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection: Face, content and expert validity of the live porcine model","volume":"6","author":"R K\u00fcttner-Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2018","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1159\/000521429","article-title":"A steep early learning curve for endoscopic submucosal dissection in the live porcine model","volume":"40","author":"R K\u00fcttner-Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v6.i1.6","article-title":"Virtual reality simulators for gastrointestinal endoscopy training","volume":"6","author":"K Triantafyllou","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2006.03.015","article-title":"Evidence-based assessment of endoscopic simulators for training","volume":"16","author":"L B Gerson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2006.03.014","article-title":"AccuTouch Endoscopy Simulator: development, applications and early experience","volume":"16","author":"V Long","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200207000-00041","article-title":"Colonoscopy curriculum development and performance-based assessment criteria on a computer-based endoscopy simulator","volume":"77","author":"R E Sedlack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-002-8559-6","article-title":"A lay person versus a trained endoscopist: can the preop endoscopy simulator detect a difference?","volume":"17","author":"J MacDonald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-002-9222-y","article-title":"A study to validate the colonoscopy simulator","volume":"17","author":"T Mahmood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"569","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial comparing a virtual reality simulator to bedside teaching for training in sigmoidoscopy [published correction appears in Endoscopy 2004; 36: 185]","volume":"35","author":"L B Gerson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00067-9","article-title":"Computer simulation training enhances patient comfort during endoscopy","volume":"2","author":"R E Sedlack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.07.024","article-title":"Poor discriminatory function for endoscopic skills on a computer-based simulator","volume":"76","author":"R A McConnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-921049","article-title":"Virtual reality colonoscopy simulation: a compulsory practice for the future colonoscopist?","volume":"37","author":"G Ahlberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.191825","article-title":"The impact of constructive feedback on training in gastrointestinal endoscopy using high-fidelity virtual-reality simulation: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"I Kruglikova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-003-9143-4","article-title":"The learning curve for a colonoscopy simulator in the absence of any feedback: no feedback, no learning","volume":"18","author":"T Mahmood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.04.008","article-title":"Impact of a simulation training curriculum on technical and nontechnical skills in colonoscopy: a randomized trial","volume":"82","author":"S C Grover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3939-7","article-title":"Can a computerized simulator assess skill level and improvement in performance of ERCP?","volume":"61","author":"A B Sahakian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.07.063","article-title":"Strategies for training in diagnostic upper endoscopy: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"75","author":"A Ende","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255818","article-title":"Effect of virtual endoscopy simulator training on performance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"A Ferlitsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"361","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of virtual-reality simulator training in acquisition of competency in colonoscopy [published correction appears in Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65: 740]","volume":"64","author":"J Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.09.014","article-title":"Simulated colonoscopy training leads to improved performance during patient-based assessment","volume":"81","author":"A D Koch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.08.033","article-title":"Face and construct validity of a computer-based virtual reality simulator for ERCP","volume":"71","author":"J G Bittner 4th","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289197","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2023.1289197","article-title":"Validity of a virtual reality endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography simulator: can it distinguish experts from novices?","volume":"10","author":"K Georgiou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-5440","article-title":"Validation of the ViGaTu Immersive Virtual Reality Endoscopy Training System for physicians and nurses","volume":"33","author":"D Henniger","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49888-3","article-title":"Development and evaluation of artificial organ models for ERCP training in patients with surgically altered anatomies","volume":"13","author":"K Koch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2014.09.011","article-title":"Novel ex vivo model for hands-on teaching of and training in EUS-guided biliary drainage: creation of \"Mumbai EUS\" stereolithography\/3D printing bile duct prototype (with videos)","volume":"81","author":"V Dhir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1087","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-118097","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel, hybrid model (Mumbai EUS II) for stepwise teaching and training in EUS-guided biliary drainage and rendezvous procedures","volume":"5","author":"V Dhir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E634","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1784-3978","article-title":"Evaluation of an all-in-one hybrid model (EUS Magic Box) for stepwise teaching and training in multiple interventional EUS procedures","volume":"10","author":"V Dhir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1067-4657","article-title":"European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Publications Policy \u2013 Update 2020","volume":"52","author":"C Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endoscopy"}],"container-title":["Endoscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2569-7736.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T22:31:15Z","timestamp":1751063475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2569-7736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"07","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2569-7736","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-726X","1438-8812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-726X","type":"print"},{"value":"1438-8812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]}}}