{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:58:09Z","timestamp":1790963889214,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"09","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012042","name":"Manfred Lautenschl\u00e4ger-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005941","name":"Dietmar Hopp Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Octapharma"},{"name":"Hans Kompernass Trading Company"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Z Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately 4% of all cancer cases worldwide are caused by alcohol consumption (oropharynx, larynx, esophagus,  stomach, colorectum, liver and the female breast). Various mechanisms contribute to ethanol-mediated carcinogenesis, including the action of acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol oxidation and oxidative stress primarily promoted through the induction of cytochrome P4502E1. Acetaldehyde is toxic and carcinogenic, binds to DNA and proteins, inhibits the oxidative defense- and the nuclear repair system, and prevents DNA methylation. High levels of acetaldehyde occur through increased production in the presence of a hyperactive alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1C*1,1) or decreased degradation in the presence of low active aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2*1,2). In addition, microbes of the upper alimentary tract and the colorectum effectively produce acetaldehyde from ethanol. In addition, ethanol induces cytochrome P4502E1 resulting in an enhanced ethanol metabolism and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS may cause lipid peroxidation (LPO) with the LPO-products 4-hydroxynonenal or malondialdehyde, which may form highly carcinogenic etheno DNA-adducts  CYP2E1 is also involved in the activation of a variety of dietary and tobacco procarcinogens and in the degradation of retinoic acid. Alcohol also influences tumor promotion, such as epigenetics with a change in DNA methylation and histone modification, and affects a variety of cancer genes and signaling pathways. Preventive measures include reducing alcohol consumption, quitting smoking and keeping good oral hygiene. Alcohol consumers  \u2013 especially when they smoke or belong to genetic risk groups \u2013 should be regularly checked for cancer of the upper alimentary tract, for alcohol- associated liver disease, and for breast cancer. Cessation or reduction of alcohol consumption definitively reduces cancer risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2588-6849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T19:16:27Z","timestamp":1747422987000},"page":"960-974","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A narrative review on alcohol and alimentary tract cancer with special emphasis on acetaldehyde and oxidative stress"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Helmut Karl","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Liver- and Alcohol Diseases, ETHIANUM Klinik, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Internal Medicine, Gastroenetrology, Alcohol Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00317-6","article-title":"Health and cancer risks associated with low levels of alcohol consumption","volume":"8","author":"BO Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Publ Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00279-5","article-title":"Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based study","volume":"22","author":"H Rumgay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31310-2","article-title":"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016\u00a0; a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"392","author":"MG Griswold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-025-01975-8","article-title":"Commentary: remaining questions on moderate alcohol drinking and cancer risk","author":"E Giovannucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"451","article-title":"Etude de statistique Clinique de 131 cas de cancer de l\u2019oesophage et du cardia","volume":"4","author":"L Lamu","year":"1910","journal-title":"Arch Mal Appar Dig Mal Nutr"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/s0369-8114(01)00238-3","article-title":"Alcohol and cancer","volume":"2","author":"A Tuyns","year":"1978","journal-title":"Health and Research World"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(07)70099-2","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages","volume":"8","author":"R Baan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Oncology"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2306723","article-title":"The IARC perspective on alcohol reduction or cessation and cancer risk","volume":"389","author":"SM Gapstur","year":"2023","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093173","article-title":"Alcohol and cancer: epidemiology and biological mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"H Rumgay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrient"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14508","article-title":"Association between ALDH2 polymorphism and gastric cancer risk in terms of alcohol consumption: a meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"JO Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020. 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