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In addition to these severe forms of brain damage which are visible on sonography, recent MRI studies carried out at the calculated due date of affected children also showed diffuse white and grey matter injuries, especially of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, indicating impaired brain development and function. To offer these children the best possible start in life it is essential that they are cared for in a level I perinatal center right from the start. In addition, a number of perinatal measures are available which may significantly improve the neuronal development in preterm infants. They include the use of antenatal corticosteroids and magnesium as well as deferred cutting of the umbilical cord. Recent studies have shown that in contrast to term-born infants, hypothermia treatment is unsuitable for neuroprotection in premature babies. As secondary and tertiary cell damage may occur days or even weeks after the primary insult due to persistent inflammation and the lack of trophic stimulation, in addition to providing premature infants with the best possible initial care, it is also necessary to optimize subsequent care in the intensive care unit in terms of providing a neuronal-positive stimulating environment. Breastfeeding and supply of breast milk are particularly important in this context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2593-0275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T18:56:31Z","timestamp":1751309791000},"page":"1061-1072","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Perinatal Neuroprotection in Preterm Birth"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie und Geburtshilfe, Marienhaus Klinikum St. Elisabeth, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Universit\u00e4ten Mainz und Maastricht, Neuwied, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Stelzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Gyn\u00e4kologie, Geburtshilfe und gyn\u00e4kologische Endokrinologie, Kepler Universit\u00e4tsklinikum, Johannes Kepler Universit\u00e4t Linz, Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1284-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Stubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frauenklinik, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8721-5818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kyvernitakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frauenkliniken, Asklepios Kliniken Barmbek, Wandsbek und Nord-Heidberg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Kribs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinderklinik, Abteilung f\u00fcr Neonatologie, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln, K\u00f6ln, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Maul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frauenkliniken, Asklepios Kliniken Barmbek, Wandsbek und Nord-Heidberg, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041671","article-title":"Preventing Brain Injury in the Preterm Infant-Current Controversies and Potential Therapies","volume":"22","author":"N Yates","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081871","article-title":"Preterm Brain Injury, Antenatal Triggers, and Therapeutics: Timing Is Key","volume":"9","author":"D Ophelders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.13","article-title":"The role of inflammation in perinatal brain injury","volume":"11","author":"H Hagberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13629","article-title":"Complex interactions between hypoxia-ischemia and inflammation in preterm brain injury","volume":"60","author":"R Galinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.189","article-title":"What brakes the preterm brain? 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