{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T13:58:26Z","timestamp":1784642306451,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thyroid function undergoes significant alterations during pregnancy due to\n                    changes in hormone levels and higher metabolic demands. The thyroid gland in\n                    pregnancy enlarges by 10%; however, in iodine-deficient areas, this growth might\n                    reach 40%. Elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in early\n                    pregnancy leads to increased thyroid hormone production. While triiodothyronine\n                    (T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do not cross the placenta, thyroxine\n                    (T4) does. Thyroid hormone demands peaks between weeks 16 and 20 of pregnancy\n                    and remains high until delivery. There is a rise in the levels of\n                    thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), during the period of pregnancy, raising total\n                    T4 and T3 levels while TSH levels usually decrease. Pregnancy-related thyroid\n                    disorders, such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and autoimmune thyroid\n                    diseases (AITD), carry the potential to impair the well-being of both the child\n                    as well as the mother. A range of 5\u201320% of women belonging to the reproductive\n                    age group have AITD, which can be associated with the possibility of\n                    infertility, miscarriages, and\/or poor pregnancy outcomes. If improperly\n                    managed, overt hypothyroidism can cause severe complications such as\n                    developmental delay and preeclampsia. Effective management requires regular\n                    monitoring and appropriate treatment adjustment. Treatment for hypothyroidism\n                    involves levothyroxine, whereas cautious use of antithyroid medications is\n                    advised for hyperthyroidism. Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT), an autoimmune\n                    condition occurring after childbirth, requires careful management to address\n                    both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid phases. A comprehensive understanding and\n                    management of these conditions are critical for optimizing maternal and fetal\n                    health outcomes. Thyroid disorders are common in women of reproductive age\n                    group. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2604-4177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T22:52:46Z","timestamp":1748991166000},"page":"303-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Thyroid Gland and Pregnancy \u2013 Clinical Update"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Violeta","family":"Mladenovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic\n                    Diseases, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6893-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of\n                    Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Medenica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Clinic, Clinical Center\n                    of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinaki","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of\n                    Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Zankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro,\n                    Podgorica, Montenegro"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slavica","family":"Aksam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,\n                    Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayaditya","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of\n                    Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MdSadam","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of\n                    Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Gluvic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Belgrad,\n                    Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457","article-title":"2017 Guidelines of the AmericantThyroid association for the diagnosis and\n                    management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum","volume":"27","author":"E K Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1112591","article-title":"The debate over thyroid-function screening in pregnancy","volume":"366","author":"G A Brent","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2478\/sjecr-2018-0006","article-title":"Thyroid and pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"V Mladenovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Appl Biomed Res (Sciendo)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0415","article-title":"Maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy and cognitive functioning in\n                    early childhood: the generation R study","volume":"95","author":"J Henrichs","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"493","volume":"366","author":"J H Lazarus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function. 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