{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T10:01:15Z","timestamp":1783764075100,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system in children present a significant diagnostic challenge due to their heterogeneous nature. The identification of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies has contributed to our understanding and classification of these disorders.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This study aims to characterize the clinical, paraclinical, and neuroimaging findings in pediatric patients diagnosed with acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) and autoimmune encephalitis (AE).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conducted as a descriptive case series, this study retrospectively analyzed medical records of children under 18 years diagnosed with ADS or AE from January 2017 to February 2022. We employed basic descriptive statistics to analyze patient demographics, clinical presentations, laboratory findings, and neuroimaging results.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A total of 71 cases were evaluated, with 80% classified as ADS and 20% as AE. Within ADS, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and optic neuritis were the most prevalent at 19%, followed by pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis at 17%, and transverse myelitis at 16%. AE cases were predominantly seropositive (93%), with a vast majority (92%) showing anti-NMDAR antibodies compared with 8% with anti-MOG antibodies. Since MOG antibody measurement became available at our institution in 2020, many new cases have been diagnosed as MOGAD (MOG antibody-associated disease), a new entity with different clinical manifestations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In children demyelinating disorders are more frequent than autoimmune encephalitis. New biomarkers, such as anti-MOG antibodies, have led to a better understanding of pediatric autoimmune CNS diseases. The study underscores the necessity of continuous reevaluation of diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols considering emerging biomarkers in neuroimmunology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2607-6261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T18:32:49Z","timestamp":1748025169000},"page":"234-240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Anti-MOG Antibody in Diagnosis of Autoimmune Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Children: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Luisa Fernanda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Investigaciones Cualitativas y Cuantitativas en Neuropediatr\u00eda (RICCNeP), Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"},{"name":"Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2905-645X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan David","family":"Farf\u00e1n-Albarrac\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Investigaciones Cualitativas y Cuantitativas en Neuropediatr\u00eda (RICCNeP), Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"},{"name":"Pediatric Neuroimmunology Group, Pediatric Neurology Department, HOMI Fundaci\u00f3n Hospital Pedi\u00e1trico La Misericordia, Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"V\u00e1squez-Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"},{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Sociedad de Cirug\u00eda de Bogot\u00e1 Hospital de San Jos\u00e9, Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"},{"name":"Pediatrics Department, School of Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Bogot\u00e1 D.C., Colombia"},{"name":"Red Colaborativa Pedi\u00e1trica de Latinoam\u00e9rica (LARed Network) https:\/\/www.la-red.net\/"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00511","article-title":"Understanding childhood neuroimmune diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"7","author":"S Matricardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0024-9","article-title":"Neuroimmune disorders of the central nervous system in children in the molecular era","volume":"14","author":"E Wells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002877","article-title":"Consensus definitions for pediatric MS and other demyelinating disorders in childhood","volume":"87","author":"M Tardieu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.10.005","article-title":"E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 5 - Treatment of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders","volume":"29","author":"A L Bruijstens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.10.006","article-title":"E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 1 - Classification of clinical phenotypes of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders","volume":"29","author":"A L Bruijstens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e663","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000663","article-title":"Clinical approach to the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the pediatric patient","volume":"7","author":"T Cellucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221093789","article-title":"Serum MOG-IgG in children meeting multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria","volume":"28","author":"G Fadda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30488-0","article-title":"Associations of paediatric demyelinating and encephalitic syndromes with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a multicentre observational study","volume":"19","author":"T Armangue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.11.001","article-title":"E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 3 - Biomarkers of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders","volume":"29","author":"T Armangue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822facdd","article-title":"Incidence of acquired CNS demyelinating syndromes in a multiethnic cohort of children","volume":"77","author":"A Langer-Gould","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21050","article-title":"Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma","volume":"61","author":"J Dalmau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.10.002","article-title":"E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: Part 2 - Neuroimaging features of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders","volume":"29","author":"M Baumann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"B Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2940","article-title":"Serial anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody analyses and outcomes in children with demyelinating syndromes","volume":"77","author":"P Waters","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2024.01.003","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and anti-MOG antibodies in pediatric optic neuritis: a prospective observational study","volume":"49","author":"A Nair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6441-6","article-title":"Incidence of acquired demyelinating syndromes of the CNS in Dutch children: a nationwide study","volume":"259","author":"I A Ketelslegers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512445944","article-title":"Paediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes: incidence, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features","volume":"19","author":"M Absoud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811420495","article-title":"The demographic, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of transverse myelitis in children","volume":"27","author":"T Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515587751","article-title":"Clinical and MRI phenotype of children with MOG antibodies","volume":"22","author":"C Fernandez-Carbonell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002824","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"87","author":"S Tenembaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593287","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.593287","article-title":"Clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of pediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"11","author":"M Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.7.964","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica brain lesions localized at sites of high aquaporin 4 expression","volume":"63","author":"S J Pittock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746653","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.746653","article-title":"Advances in potential cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for autoimmune encephalitis: a review","volume":"13","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.12.2407","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis in children","volume":"123","author":"R C Dale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2607-6261.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T12:32:57Z","timestamp":1752064377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2607-6261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2607-6261","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0174-304X","1439-1899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0174-304X","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-1899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]}}}