{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:49:54Z","timestamp":1779889794824,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breathing can occur either through the nose or mouth. Mouth breathing is the process of breathing through the mouth alone or mostly through the mouth for more than 6 months. Mouth breathing can affect facial development. This study aims to look at the effect of mouth breathing on facial anthropometry.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This study used a case\u2013control design conducted during March to September 2024 at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, on subjects aged 7 to 23 years who were divided into two groups, namely mouth breathing and nasal breathing. Data were obtained from filling out the MBD-MBS (Mouth Breathing in Daytime and Mouth Breathing during Sleep) questionnaire, taking lateral cephalometric photographs, and cephalometric measurements using the WebCeph application. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software using the chi-square and Mann\u2013Whitney tests.<\/jats:p><jats:p>There were significant differences in angular parameters between the two groups, namely the Sella-Nasion to Gonion-Gnathion (SN.GoGn) angle (p\u2009=\u20090.029), the Frankfort mandibular angle (FMA; p\u2009=\u20090.023), and the mandibular plane to palatal plane (MP.PP) angle (p\u2009=\u20090.012); the Articulare-Gonion-Menton (ArGoMe) angle was greater in the oral breathing group (p\u2009=\u20090.003). The linear parameter values in both groups were not different (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Mouth breathing affects facial anthropometry, resulting in an increase in retrognathic mandibular and maxillary angles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2625-9444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T12:42:47Z","timestamp":1752064967000},"page":"287-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Mouth Breathing on Facial Anthropometry"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3196-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wijana","family":"Hasansulama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran and Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3294-6429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinta Fitri","family":"Boesoirie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran and Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5971-709X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fitri","family":"Septiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran and Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00840-6","article-title":"Nose vs mouth breath \u2013 acute effect of different breathing regimens on muscular endurance","volume":"16","author":"M F L\u00f6rinczi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mouth breathing: Understanding the pathophysiology of an oral habit and its consequences","volume":"11","author":"G O Ramirez-Yanez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Res Arch"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929165","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.929165","article-title":"The impact of mouth breathing on dentofacial development: A concise review","volume":"10","author":"L Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2018.11.005","article-title":"Growth and mouth breathers","volume":"95","author":"M Morais-Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"3738","article-title":"Facial morphological characteristics of mouth breathers vs. nasal breathers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of lateral cephalometric data","volume":"19","author":"W Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Orthognathic Surgery. Principles and Practice","author":"C Jeffrey","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5005\/jp\/books\/11294","volume-title":"Textbook of Craniofacial Growth","author":"Premkumar S","year":"2011"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref8","first-page":"495","article-title":"Mouth breathing habit: A review","volume":"8","author":"M Wasnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Commun Med Public Heal"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12885","article-title":"Mouth breathing, another risk factor for asthma: the Nagahama Study","volume":"71","author":"Y Izuhara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/01.scs.0000171847.58031.9e","article-title":"International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups\/races","volume":"16","author":"L G Farkas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Rekonstruksi Pasca Operasi di Drh Kepala Leher","author":"M H Reksodiputro","year":"2019","edition":"1st ed."},{"issue":"02","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2017.05.007","article-title":"Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture","volume":"94","author":"A Chambi-Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.02.054","article-title":"Mouth breathing children and cephalometric pattern: Does the stage of dental development matter?","volume":"76","author":"B Q Souki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3126\/ojn.v8i1.21343","article-title":"Effect of naso-respiratory obstruction with mouth breathing on dentofacial and craniofacial development","volume":"8","author":"S S Acharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthod J Nepal"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8687608","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8687608","article-title":"Salivary markers and microbial flora in mouth breathing late adolescents","volume":"2018","author":"S Mummolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54328-x","article-title":"Mouth breathing reduces oral function in adolescence","volume":"14","author":"Y Masutomi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.12.013","article-title":"Are distinct etiologies of upper airway obstruction in mouth-breathing children associated with different cephalometric patterns?","volume":"79","author":"L P Franco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.20473\/j.djmkg.v54.i2.p96-101","article-title":"Facial height proportion based on angle's malocclusion in Deutero-Malayids","volume":"54","author":"A R Aisy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent J"}],"container-title":["Archives of Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2625-9444.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T22:55:16Z","timestamp":1758236116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2625-9444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"05","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2625-9444","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-6163","2234-6171"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-6163","type":"print"},{"value":"2234-6171","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]}}}