{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T23:10:02Z","timestamp":1756854602732,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Zusammenfassung<\/jats:title><jats:p>Im Gegensatz zur Humanmedizin finden Thymuskrankheiten in der Veterin\u00e4rmedizin\n                    wenig differentialdiagnostische Beachtung. Ziel dieser \u00dcbersicht ist es, den\n                    Kenntnisstand zu topographischer Anatomie, physiologischer Entwicklung und\n                    Involution, Funktion und Krankheiten des Thymus sowie der Diagnostik von\n                    Thymuskrankheiten bei den verschiedenen Hauss\u00e4ugetieren darzustellen. Daf\u00fcr\n                    wurde die Literatur, die sich mit dem Themenkomplex besch\u00e4ftigt, durchsucht und\n                    zusammengefasst. Die anatomische Ausdehnung und\n                    Entwicklungs-\/Involutionsprozesse unterscheiden sich von Tierart zu Tierart\n                    deutlich. Allgemein gilt, dass der Thymus zu Beginn der Geschlechtsreife seine\n                    maximale Ausdehnung hat und beim adulten Tier nicht oder nur in Residuen\n                    vorhanden ist. Eine Ausnahme bilden Hund und Ziege, bei denen auch beim Adulten\n                    funktionelles Thymusgewebe gefunden werden kann. Die Darstellung durch\n                    bildgebende Verfahren erweist sich je nach Gr\u00f6\u00dfe des Tieres und durch die Lage\n                    des Organs h\u00e4ufig als schwierig. Aufgrund der schlechten Darstellbarkeit und die\n                    oft unspezifische Symptomatik stellen Krankheiten des Thymus eine diagnostische\n                    Herausforderung dar. Der Thymus kann sich als Reaktion auf Stress oder\n                    Krankheiten in seiner Gr\u00f6\u00dfe und Struktur ver\u00e4ndern. In diesem Zusammenhang kann\n                    es zu einer gest\u00f6rten Immunfunktion kommen und in der Folge zu\n                    Infektionskrankheiten. Neoplasien des Thymus sind bei Hauss\u00e4ugetieren vielfach\n                    beschrieben. Die meisten Berichte finden sich f\u00fcr den Hund und die Ziege.\n                    Symptome treten meist auf, wenn der Tumor durch seine Gr\u00f6\u00dfe raumfordernd wird\n                    oder durch das Auftreten von paraneoplastischen Syndromen. Dazu geh\u00f6rt\n                    beispielsweise die Myasthenia gravis. Mehr als 50% der Hunde mit einem Thymom\n                    entwickeln ein paraneoplastisches Syndrom. Durch die Verf\u00fcgbarkeit moderner\n                    Bildgebung k\u00f6nnte die Untersuchung des Thymus in Zukunft vereinfacht und bei\n                    Jungtieren als ein guter Indikator zur \u00dcberpr\u00fcfung des Gesundheitsstatus genutzt\n                    werden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2638-4429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T22:30:22Z","timestamp":1756852222000},"page":"260-270","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Krankheiten des Thymus der Hauss\u00e4ugetiere \u2013 Bedeutung und\n                    Diagnostik"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Emilia","family":"Diel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tierklinik f\u00fcr Reproduktionsmedizin und Neugeborenenkunde,\n                    Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Wehrend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tierklinik f\u00fcr Reproduktionsmedizin und Neugeborenenkunde,\n                    Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2021.02.017","article-title":"The paediatric thymus: recognising normal and ectopic thymic tissue","volume":"76","author":"T Wee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.4.0402","article-title":"Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology","volume":"21","author":"W Savino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endoc Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09574.x","article-title":"Thymic Endocrinology","volume":"840","author":"J W Hadden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00176.x","article-title":"Estrogen blocks early T cell development in the thymus","volume":"36","author":"A G Rijhsinghani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/284555a0","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous\n                    endonuclease activation","volume":"284","author":"A H Wyllie","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13306","article-title":"Primary and secondary defects of the thymus","volume":"322","author":"S S Dinges","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba2429","article-title":"The function of the thymus and its impact on modern medicine","volume":"369","author":"JFA P Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/b-006-163266","volume-title":"Thymus. 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