{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T13:41:54Z","timestamp":1774705314784,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Baseball pitchers commonly suffer shoulder and elbow injuries. Previous research\n                    on the relationship between pitch velocity and upper extremity kinetics has been\n                    limited to laboratory settings, but recent strides in markerless motion capture\n                    have allowed analysis of in-game baseball pitching biomechanics. Therefore, our\n                    purpose was to provide normative data of in-game pitching kinetics and assess\n                    the relationships between pitch velocity and shoulder and elbow kinetics. Data\n                    from 183 college pitchers were included in this retrospective analysis of\n                    in-game college baseball games. Multilevel models were used to assess the\n                    relationships between pitch velocity and kinetics. Intraclass correlation\n                    coefficients were used to assess the intrapitcher relationship between kinetics\n                    across multiple outings. The inclusion of random slopes did not meaningfully\n                    reduce intrapitcher throwing arm kinetic variance. Additionally, the\n                    intrapitcher relationship between throwing arm kinetics and ball velocity did\n                    not remain constant across multiple outings. Pitch velocity and in-game throwing\n                    arm kinetics did not have a strong intrapitcher relationship, which is different\n                    than the results of previous laboratory analyses. The intrapitcher relationship\n                    between fastball velocity and throwing arm kinetics does not remain consistent\n                    across multiple outings. Additionally, this study provides normative in-game\n                    kinetic data for baseball pitching.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2640-8863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T18:52:01Z","timestamp":1750445521000},"page":"1095-1100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Description and Consistency of In-Game Pitching Kinetics\u2019\n                    Relationship With Ball Velocity"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, LSUHSC New Orleans, New\n                    Orleans, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam R","family":"Nebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn,\n                    USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Lerch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn,\n                    USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7511-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gretchen D","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn,\n                    USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111278","article-title":"Concurrent validity of artificial intelligence-based markerless motion capture\n                    for over-ground gait analysis: A study of spatiotemporal parameters","volume":"143","author":"Z Ripic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2022.2076608","article-title":"Comparison of marker-less and marker-based motion capture for baseball pitching\n                    kinematics","volume":"23","author":"G S Fleisig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.09.032","article-title":"Kinematical models to reduce the effect of skin artifacts on marker-based human\n                    motion estimation","volume":"38","author":"P Cerveri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241274137","article-title":"Normative in-game data for elite collegiate baseball pitchers using markerless\n                    tracking technology","author":"K A Giordano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465241279406","article-title":"Tall and Fall Versus Drop and Drive Strategy in College Baseball Pitchers for\n                    Velocity and Elbow Valgus Torque","volume":"52","author":"K Giordano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"84","article-title":"Pilot: Pitching stride characteristics across an appearance during a Division 1\n                    collegiate baseball game","volume":"41","author":"B Nakamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Soc Biomech Sport"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smhs.2024.10.001","article-title":"Within-Subject Time Series Angular Velocity Differences Between High and Low\n                    Velocity Fastballs in College Baseball Pitchers","author":"A Nebel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med Health Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241298309","article-title":"Comparison of In-Game Trunk and Upper Extremity Kinematics Between Fastballs,\n                    Breaking Balls, and Changeups in NCAA Division I Collegiate Baseball\n                    Pitchers","volume":"12","author":"B G Lerch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ortho J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241277596","article-title":"Predicting the presence of pain in youth baseball pitchers using the concept of\n                    biomechanical efficiency","volume":"12","author":"A R Nebel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ortho J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2024.06.022","article-title":"The major league baseball pitch clock: First year analysis of pitcher\n                    injuries","volume":"57","author":"T Puga","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001296","article-title":"Ball speed and release consistency predict pitching success in Major League\n                    Baseball","volume":"30","author":"D Whiteside","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/jisakos-2018-000226","article-title":"Increased pitch velocity and workload are common risk factors for ulnar\n                    collateral ligament injury in baseball players: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"R P Coughlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J ISAKOS"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-558-17","article-title":"Fastball velocity and elbow-varus torque in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"54","author":"J S Slowik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2024.2302830","article-title":"Usage and acceptability of data normalization in baseball pitching","volume":"23","author":"K A Giordano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510363402","article-title":"Correlation of torque and elbow injury in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"38","author":"A W Anz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2023.01.004","article-title":"Increased pitch velocity is associated with throwing arm kinetics, injury risk,\n                    and ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in adolescent, collegiate, and\n                    professional baseball pitchers: A qualitative systematic review","volume":"39","author":"J Manzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2023.2205380","article-title":"Collegiate baseball pitchers demonstrate a relationship between ball velocity\n                    and elbow varus torque, both within and across pitchers","volume":"23","author":"M Sakurai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509336721","article-title":"Correlation of throwing mechanics with elbow valgus load in adult baseball\n                    pitchers","volume":"37","author":"A L Aguinaldo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00222-6","article-title":"ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints\n                    for the reporting of human joint motion\u2014part I: ankle, hip, and spine","volume":"35","author":"G Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042","article-title":"ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints\n                    for the reporting of human joint motion\u2014Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and\n                    hand","volume":"38","author":"G Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470549148","volume-title":"Biomechanics and motor control of human movement","author":"D A Winter","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1519\/15184.1","article-title":"Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient\n                    and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"J P Weir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2025.112591","article-title":"Skin and cluster markers underestimate knee flexion during controlled motions.\n                    Evaluation of 12 patients with knee arthroplasty using radiosterometric analysis\n                    as reference","volume":"182","author":"A F\u00e4ndriks","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.116585","article-title":"Letter to the editor concerning: \u201cAn interval throwing program for baseball\n                    pitchers based on workload data\u201d","volume":"19","author":"R Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2022.12.024","article-title":"Upper-extremity injuries have the poorest return to play and most time lost in\n                    professional baseball: A systematic review of injuries in major league\n                    baseball","volume":"39","author":"J S Tramer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2640-8863.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:05:19Z","timestamp":1764288319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2640-8863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2640-8863","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]}}}