{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:47:04Z","timestamp":1790858824832,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigated the racial and ethnic distribution of participants in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) phases II and III clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 36 DMD phases II and III clinical trials were analyzed for racial and ethnic information. Publicly available demographic information was collected from DMD phases II and III clinical trials registered between 2005 and 2018 from the clinical trials database (clinicaltrials.gov). Clinical trial participation was also analyzed based on geographic location (international vs. United States) and funding source (industry vs. academia).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>White participants accounted for 84% of study participants in DMD phases II and III clinical trials in both multinational studies and within the continental United States. Among the 36 trials, 22% (8\/36) did not report racial data, and 44% (16\/36) did not report ethnicity. Most DMD phases II and III clinical trials were funded by industry (89%) compared with the National Institutes of Health (3%) and other sources (8%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>White participants are most represented in DMD phases II and III clinical trials. The documentation of racial and ethnic information in DMD clinical trials is insufficient. These data highlight the need for further approaches to diversify and include equitable representation in DMD clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2648-3203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T19:50:24Z","timestamp":1751572224000},"page":"397-400","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Inequitable Racial and Ethnic Representation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5983-1080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda","family":"Creasey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9811-0838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathula","family":"Thangarajh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000440659.41675.8b","article-title":"The muscular dystrophies","volume":"19","author":"M P Wicklund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e31822623f1","article-title":"Disparities in the diagnostic process of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy","volume":"13","author":"C Holtzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26720","article-title":"Delays in diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: an evaluation of genotypic and sociodemographic factors","volume":"61","author":"K J Counterman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813517263","article-title":"Trends with corticosteroid use in males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy born 1982-2001","volume":"30","author":"D J Fox","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1159\/000528962","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in timing of diagnosis and clinical services received in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"57","author":"J R Mann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13460","article-title":"Variations in Duchenne muscular dystrophy course in a multi-ethnic UK population: potential influence of socio-economic factors","volume":"59","author":"M Hufton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-190447","article-title":"Characterizing enrollment in observational studies of duchenne muscular dystrophy by race and ethnicity","volume":"7","author":"A M Barnard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05849-7","article-title":"Promoting inclusion in clinical trials-a rapid review of the literature and recommendations for action","volume":"22","author":"D H Bodicoat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.037242","article-title":"A typology of actions to tackle social inequalities in health","volume":"61","author":"M Whitehead","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"}],"container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2648-3203.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T23:31:04Z","timestamp":1763076664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2648-3203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2648-3203","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0174-304X","1439-1899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0174-304X","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-1899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]}}}