{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T16:58:52Z","timestamp":1772902732401,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of vertebral pedicle screws in cats using a custom 3D-printed drill guide and 3D-printed vertebral columns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To simulate the surgical procedure, six vertebral columns from adult cats were 3D-printed. The columns were printed with a radiolucent material (PLA enriched with calcium carbonate\u2014PLA+). One 3D-printed guide was created for each vertebra (from T10 to L7). Each preplanned hole was drilled and filled with a graphite cylinder for better visualization of the tunnel. All the phantoms were CT-scanned after the drilling operation. Each hole was graded using a modified classification scheme (grades 0 to 3) and compared to the planned tunnel angle. We enrolled one 5-year-old female patient with spinal trauma requiring vertebral stabilization presented at our hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 126 holes were drilled. The overall mean screw deviation angle was 0.61\u2009degrees (SD\u2009=\u20090.72). In safety evaluation, 117 (93%) screws were contained in the pedicle (grade 0), 7 screws (5.5%) were outside the pedicle by less than 0.5\u2009mm (grade 1), and 2 (1.5%) screws were between 0.5 and 1\u2009mm outside the pedicle. In the thoracic segment, all the holes (48\/48) were classified as a grade 0, while in the lumbar segment, with a total of 78 holes drilled, there were 69 holes classified as grade 0 (88%), 7 holes classified as grade 1 (8.9%), and 2 holes classified as grade 2 (2.5%). The feline patient had suffered a T12 complete oblique vertebral body fracture. A total of six 1.7\u2009mm screws, 20\u2009mm long, (Fix-In, INTRAUMA) were placed: three in T12 and three in T13.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, there was a mean deviation of the hole angle from the planned angle of 0.61\u2009degrees. The overall safety was 91.2% (screws graded as 0). A statistically significant association between screw grades and vertebral segment was found (p-value 0.02) as all the thoracic vertebrae are grade 0, while grade 1 and grade 2 were found only in the lumbar segment. Using pedicle screws in cats' vertebrae may reduce surgical trauma, as it requires exposure of only the most dorsal portion of the vertebral lamina, avoiding the need to expose the costal attachments. Also, placing cement dorsally is easier and can incorporate screw heads bilaterally. We effectively and safely performed the surgical procedure in one clinical case. Based on our results, the use of pedicle screws, previously applied in canine patients, could also be extended to feline patients, provided that 3D-printed guides are used to ensure accurate placement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2653-2592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:29:03Z","timestamp":1753230543000},"page":"081-088","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility and Accuracy of Pedicle Screws in the Feline Thoracolumbar Spine"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2543-2748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Rigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria San Marco, Veggiano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Universit\u00e0 di Padova, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Cinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria San Marco, Veggiano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Menchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria San Marco, Veggiano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche, Universit\u00e0 di Padova, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pratesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria San Marco, Veggiano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"05","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(95)50109-3","article-title":"Spinal fracture\/luxation","volume":"25","author":"B M Kirby","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.05.004","article-title":"Vertebral fracture and luxation in small animals","volume":"40","author":"N D Jeffery","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00289.x","article-title":"Vertebral stabilization using positively threaded profile pins and polymethylmethacrylate, with or without laminectomy, for spinal canal stenosis and vertebral instability caused by congenital thoracic vertebral anomalies","volume":"36","author":"T Aikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-13-08-0098","article-title":"Surgical repair of thoraco-lumbar vertebral fracture-luxations in eight cats using screws and polymethylmethacrylate fixation","volume":"27","author":"R Vallefuoco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12459","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of locking compression plate versus positive profile pins and polymethylmethacrylate for stabilization of the canine lumbar vertebrae","volume":"45","author":"B K Sturges","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12040.x","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison between bicortical pin and monocortical screw\/polymethylmethacrylate constructs in the cadaveric canine cervical vertebral column","volume":"42","author":"B F Hettlich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00356.x","article-title":"Bicortical implant insertion in caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy: a computed tomography simulation in affected Doberman Pinschers","volume":"37","author":"D Corlazzoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-12-10-0127","article-title":"Computed tomographic study of the optimal safe implantation corridors in feline thoraco-lumbar vertebrae","volume":"26","author":"R Vallefuoco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1577-5","article-title":"Pedicle screw insertion accuracy with different assisted methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies","volume":"20","author":"N F Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"425","volume-title":"Fluoroscopy-assisted freehand versus 3D-navigated imaging-assisted pedicle screw insertion: a multicenter study","author":"G Cammarata","year":"2023"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-008-0535-x","article-title":"Accuracy of thoracic pedicle screw placement in scoliosis using the ideal pedicle entry point during the freehand technique","volume":"33","author":"H Modi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4728-5","article-title":"Accuracy of patient-specific template-guided vs. free-hand fluoroscopically controlled pedicle screw placement in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a randomized cadaveric study","volume":"26","author":"M Farshad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-019-1510-5","article-title":"Pedicle screw placement in spinal neurosurgery using a 3D-printed drill guide template: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"C Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716840","article-title":"Accuracy of placement of pedicle screws in the lumbosacral region of dogs using 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides","volume":"34","author":"C Toni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1750433","article-title":"Accuracy of lumbosacral pedicle screw placement in dogs: a novel 3D printed patient-specific drill guide versus freehand technique in novice and expert surgeons","volume":"35","author":"J J Bongers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.14078","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of 20 brachycephalic dogs with thoracolumbar spinal deformities causing neurological signs treated with spinal stabilization using 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides","volume":"53","author":"F Violini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13333","article-title":"Accuracy of placement of pedicle screws in the thoracolumbar spine of dogs with spinal deformities with three-dimensionally printed patient-specific drill guides","volume":"49","author":"J H Elford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3853-x","article-title":"Methods to determine pedicle screw placement accuracy in spine surgery: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"A A Aoude","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2021.109365","article-title":"Study on attenuation of 3D printing commercial filaments on standard X-ray beams for dosimetry and tissue equivalence","volume":"182","author":"M Savi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S160","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199206001-00017","article-title":"Pedicle diameter determined by computed tomography. Its relevance to pedicle screw fixation in the lumbar spine","volume":"17","author":"T N Bernard Jr","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13417","article-title":"Influence of a customized three-dimensionally printed drill guide on the accuracy of pedicle screw placement in lumbosacral vertebrae: an ex vivo study","volume":"49","author":"P Beer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13140","article-title":"A novel patient-specific drill guide template for stabilization of thoracolumbar vertebrae of dogs: cadaveric study and clinical cases","volume":"48","author":"T Fujioka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-05978-3","article-title":"Pedicle screw insertion with patient-specific 3D-printed guides based on low-dose CT scan is more accurate than free-hand technique in spine deformity patients: a prospective, randomized clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"R Cecchinato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3948","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.895597","article-title":"Clinical use of 3D printing guide plate in posterior lumbar pedicle screw fixation","volume":"21","author":"H Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"}],"container-title":["Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2653-2592.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T23:32:14Z","timestamp":1772839934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2653-2592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2653-2592","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0814","2567-6911"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0814","type":"print"},{"value":"2567-6911","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]}}}