{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T15:55:55Z","timestamp":1783785355538,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023R1A2C1003001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023R1A2C1003001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study integrated a locking plate system into three-dimensional (3D)-printed implants and evaluated whether directly 3D-printed locking plate holes could achieve mechanical performance comparable to their machined counterpart.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In vitro mechanical tests were performed to compare a 3D-printed 3.5-mm locking plate system with a commercially available variable-angle locking system (ARIX). Locking plate specimens (n\u2009=\u200990) were 3D printed from Ti6Al4V in three build orientations (0, 45 and 90\u2009degrees). A torque limit test assessed the failure points under three screw insertion torques (0.6, 1.1 and 2.0 Nm) at two angles (0 and 15\u2009degrees). The locked screw-and-plate constructs then underwent push-out testing, with a load applied parallel to the screw axis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>At 2.0 Nm, all 3D-printed specimens failed due to thread deformation, whereas the ARIX system remained intact. Specimens printed at 0-degree orientation had the highest push-out strength, comparable to ARIX plates, while those printed at 90\u2009degrees showed significantly lower strength. A higher insertion torque (1.1 Nm) improved the push-out strength regardless of screw angulation. Low torque with angled screws led to a substantial reduction in push-out strength.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The directly 3D-printed locking plate system achieved a comparable mechanical performance to machined counterparts when printed at 0-degree orientation, with appropriate torque. Optimal build orientation and careful control of insertion torque are crucial for maximizing the performance of 3D-printed locking plates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2654-8833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:24:18Z","timestamp":1753316658000},"page":"099-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Feasibility of Integrating Locking Plate System into Additively Manufactured Implants: A Mechanical Comparison of Three-Dimensional-Printed and Machined Locking Hole Threads"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Kyu-Won","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung-Jae","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9110680","article-title":"3D-Printing for critical sized bone defects: Current concepts and future directions","volume":"9","author":"C K Mayfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c01072","article-title":"Additive manufacturing in orthopedics: A review","volume":"8","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971318","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.971318","article-title":"Virtual surgical planning and 3D printing: Methodology and applications in veterinary oromaxillofacial surgery","volume":"9","author":"J RS Klasen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2020.1755543","article-title":"New 3-dimensional implant application as an alternative to allograft in limb salvage surgery: A technical note on 10 cases","volume":"91","author":"J W Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0216445","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216445","article-title":"Clinical application of 3D printing technology to the surgical treatment of atlantoaxial subluxation in small breed dogs","volume":"14","author":"H Kamishina","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref8","first-page":"411","article-title":"Additive manufacturing applications in medical cases: A literature based review","volume":"54","author":"M Javaid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alex J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12023.x","article-title":"Effect of screw insertion torque on mechanical properties of four locking systems","volume":"42","author":"B Boudreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2002.35732","article-title":"Does plate adaptation affect stability? A biomechanical comparison of locking and nonlocking plates","volume":"60","author":"R H Haug","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s007760300044","article-title":"Revolution in plate osteosynthesis: new internal fixator systems","volume":"8","author":"M Sch\u00fctz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03756-y","article-title":"Fixation of pelvic acetabular fractures using 3D-printed fracture plates: A cadaver study","volume":"18","author":"D L Robinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24712","article-title":"3D printed locking osteosynthesis screw threads have comparable strength to machined or hand-tapped screw threads","volume":"38","author":"A MacLeod","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104849","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of locking and non-locking patient-specific mandibular reconstruction plate using finite element analysis","volume":"124","author":"S Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-018-00092-7","article-title":"Additive manufacturing to veterinary practice: Recovery of bony defects after the osteosarcoma resection in canines","volume":"9","author":"V V Popov Jr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Lett"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11751-014-0203-1","article-title":"Patient-specific distal radius locking plate for fixation and accurate 3D positioning in corrective osteotomy","volume":"9","author":"J G Dobbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07243-3","article-title":"3D printed personalized titanium plates improve clinical outcome in microwave ablation of bone tumors around the knee","volume":"7","author":"L Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716679","article-title":"Effect of screw insertion torque on mechanical properties of a hybrid polyaxial locking system","volume":"34","author":"H J Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.23241","article-title":"Cervical spine reconstruction after total vertebrectomy using customized three-dimensional-printed implants in dogs","volume":"25","author":"J W Jeon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104867","article-title":"An additively manufactured locking fixation system for potential application in patient-specific implants","volume":"124","author":"R D Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.01088.x","article-title":"Effect of screw insertion torque on push-out and cantilever bending properties of five different angle-stable systems","volume":"42","author":"A Boero Baroncelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.04.055","article-title":"A critical review on additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy: Microstructure and mechanical properties","volume":"18","author":"H D 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A comparison of the maximum holding power","volume":"32","author":"T Gausepohl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-12-03-0043","article-title":"The effect of screw angulation and insertion torque on the push-out strength of polyaxial locking screws and the single cycle to failure in bending of polyaxial locking plates","volume":"26","author":"B W Bufkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5290","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-021-05753-w","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by selective laser melting after stress relieving, hot isostatic pressing treatment, and post-heat treatment","volume":"30","author":"N Eshawish","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mater Eng Perform"}],"container-title":["Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2654-8833.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T23:32:23Z","timestamp":1772839943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2654-8833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2654-8833","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0814","2567-6911"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0814","type":"print"},{"value":"2567-6911","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]}}}