{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:50:19Z","timestamp":1773161419983,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nasal obstruction has multiple causes requiring specialist endoscopy for diagnosis. A rule-based expert system (RB-ES), which applies five \u201cif\u2013then\u201d rules based on nasal features, may help replicate ENT decision-making in settings with limited access.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This study evaluated RB-ES in diagnosing allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with (CRSwNP) and without (CRSsNP) nasal polyps, and deviated nasal septum. Primary outcomes were sensitivity and specificity; the secondary outcome was agreement with ENT specialists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Seventy-one participants (65 patients, 6 controls) underwent pre- and postdecongestion endoscopy. Four ENT specialists provided diagnoses. RB-ES performance was compared against confirmed clinical diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RB-ES showed no detectable significant sensitivity differences from ENT specialists (all p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Sensitivity was highest for CRSwNP; specificity remained high overall.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RB-ES matched specialist performance in CRSwNP diagnosis. Dataset expansion and artificial intelligence integration are recommended for further validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>II.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2656-6413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:11:21Z","timestamp":1752711081000},"page":"261-269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can a Rule-Based Expert System Diagnose Nasal Obstruction from Nasoendoscopy Videos?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Annakan","family":"Navaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT, Royal National ENT and Eastman Dental Hospitals, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1711-3028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nonpawith","family":"Phoommanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT, Royal National ENT and Eastman Dental Hospitals, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6348-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso Luca","family":"Pendolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT, Royal National ENT and Eastman Dental Hospitals, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of ENT, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terence S.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT, Royal National ENT and Eastman Dental Hospitals, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"09","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02646.x","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis in Europe\u2013an underestimated disease. 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