{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:10:42Z","timestamp":1787170242068,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Planta Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Alopecia, characterised by partial or complete hair loss, significantly affects the psychological and social well-being of individuals. Current FDA-approved treatments, such as topical minoxidil and oral finasteride, often present limitations, including skin irritation and suboptimal efficacy, compromising patient adherence. In recent years, natural compounds have garnered attention as potential alternatives, with carnosic acid emerging as a promising candidate due to its multifaceted biological activities. Carnosic acid, a diterpenic polyphenol predominantly found in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and sage (Salvia officinalis), exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-androgenic, neuroprotective, and hair follicle-regenerative properties. Despite its therapeutic potential, its poor solubility and stability in conventional formulations limit its clinical application. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms through which carnosic acid\n          exerts its effects in alopecia management, focusing on its antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory responses, inhibition of dihydrotestosterone activity, promotion of hair follicle regeneration, and neuroprotective actions. The findings highlight carnosic acid\u02bcs potential as a natural, effective, and safer alternative for alopecia treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2665-2211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T23:20:21Z","timestamp":1754695221000},"page":"802-813","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Carnosic Acid in Alopecia: A Mechanistic Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Kushwaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atif","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8879343","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8879343","article-title":"Psychological impact of alopecia areata","volume":"2020","author":"S Marahatta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-022-00799-7","article-title":"Comorbidities in androgenetic alopecia: A comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"S Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14895","article-title":"Topical finasteride for male and female pattern hair loss: Is it a safe and effective alternative?","volume":"21","author":"A K Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.: Unveiling its multifaceted nature in nutrition, diverse applications, and advanced extraction methods. J.Umm Al-Qura Univ","volume":"11","author":"H Meziane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appll Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.15406\/jdc.2021.05.00190","article-title":"Alopecia types, current and future treatment","volume":"5","author":"H Rambwawasvika","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dermatol Cosmetol"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Alopecia. In StatPearls","author":"A M Al Aboud","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"842","article-title":"Dermal papilla cells: From basic research to translational applications","volume":"13","author":"H L Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2023-0071","article-title":"Alopecia areata: review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, current treatments and nanoparticulate delivery system","volume":"15","author":"R Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Deliv"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113475","article-title":"Dissolving microneedles for alopecia treatment","volume":"229","author":"H Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105627","article-title":"Microneedles along with conventional therapies: An in-depth observational review in alopecia areata treatment","volume":"95","author":"P Arora","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2021.101726","article-title":"Comparative histological and immunohistochemical study on the effect of platelet rich plasma\/minoxidil, alone or in combination, on hair growth in a rat model of androgenic alopecia","volume":"75","author":"S A Elsebay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2022.100611","article-title":"Bioactive metabolites of edible mushrooms efficacious against androgenic alopecia: Targeting SRD5A2 using computational approach","volume":"36","author":"A Tiwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Herb Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104820","article-title":"Two-way association between alopecia areata and sleep disorders: A systematic review of observational studies","volume":"84","author":"S T Rehan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312245","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2024.2312245","article-title":"Dupliumab therapy for alopecia areata: A case series and review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"J Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.03.005","article-title":"Loose anagen hair syndrome","volume":"199","author":"A Zarbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19756","article-title":"Low\u2010dose oral minoxidil improves global hair density and length in children with loose anagen hair syndrome","volume":"184","author":"R Jerjen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15494","article-title":"Short anagen syndrome: a unique short hair syndrome without any characteristic hair morphological abnormality","volume":"47","author":"Y Segawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12150","article-title":"Minoxidil improved hair density in an Asian girl with short anagen syndrome: a case report and review of literature","volume":"55","author":"Y P Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2020.01.005","article-title":"Ischemia-modified albumin as a possible marker of oxidative stress in patients with telogen effluvium","volume":"95","author":"U Savci","year":"2020","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2021.01.007","article-title":"Telogen Effluvium\u2013a review of the science and current obstacles","volume":"101","author":"G O Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103496","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of tinea capitis in children using curcumin loaded in nanospanlastics: A randomized controlled comparative clinical study","volume":"74","author":"E M Abdullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2024.01.003","article-title":"Extra-follicular cutaneous manifestations of frontal fibrosing alopecia","volume":"99","author":"A Donati","year":"2024","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2022.100113","article-title":"Frontiers in lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia research: Pathobiology progress and translational horizons","volume":"2","author":"M M Senna","year":"2022","journal-title":"JID Innov"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.03.007","article-title":"Lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia as model epithelial stem cell diseases","volume":"24","author":"M J Harries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2015.08.001","article-title":"Substance P in keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans","volume":"1","author":"I Doche","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAAD Case Reports"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1816614","article-title":"Variant PADI3 in central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia","volume":"380","author":"L Malki","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisp.2017.01.004","article-title":"Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: New insights and a call for action","volume":"18","author":"N C Dlova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2024.08.029","article-title":"Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp with resolution after initiation of dialysis","volume":"53","author":"M Rossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2018.11.001","article-title":"A case of erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp in a pediatric patient","volume":"5","author":"M LaCour","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2014.12.026","article-title":"Carnosic acid","volume":"115","author":"S Birti\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107288","article-title":"Carnosic acid: An effective phenolic diterpenoid for prevention and management of cancers via targeting multiple signaling pathways","volume":"206","author":"X Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.03.007","article-title":"Carnosic acid induces proteasomal degradation of Cyclin B1, RB and SOX2 along with cell growth arrest and apoptosis in GBM cells","volume":"23","author":"K Cortese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.09.067","article-title":"Relevance of carnosic acid to the treatment of several health disorders: Molecular targets and mechanisms","volume":"84","author":"S Bahri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-011-0233-5","article-title":"Absorption, distribution and elimination of carnosic acid, a natural antioxidant from Rosmarinus officinalis, in rats","volume":"66","author":"E H Doolaege","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum Nutr"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2018.11.005","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices toward sun exposure and use of sun protection among non-medical, female, university students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"R R Almuqati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201058","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202220201058","article-title":"Rosmarinus officinalis extract-loaded emulgel prevents UVB irradiation damage to the skin","volume":"94","author":"K S Takayama","year":"2022","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12138","article-title":"Carnosic acid, a phenolic diterpene from rosemary, prevents UV\u2010induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases in human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes","volume":"22","author":"M Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.03.023","article-title":"UV-B radiation effects on foliar concentrations of rosmarinic and carnosic acids in rosemary plants","volume":"101","author":"J C Luis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.17509\/ijost.v7i3.51325","article-title":"Phytochemical profile and anticancer activity from medicinal plants against melanoma skin cancer: a review","volume":"7","author":"A Fristiohady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indones J Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0132439","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132439","article-title":"Anti-proliferative effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract on human melanoma A375 cells","volume":"10","author":"L Cattaneo","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111395","article-title":"A specific mixture of propolis and carnosic acid triggers a strong fungicidal action against Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"10","author":"A Arg\u00fcelles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030609","article-title":"Potential anti-inflammatory effect of Rosmarinus officinalis in preclinical in vivo models of inflammation","volume":"27","author":"C Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112678","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from Tunisian aromatic and medicinal plants and their major constituents in THP-1 macrophages","volume":"167","author":"R B Pereira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO02371A","article-title":"Effects on longevity extension and mechanism of action of carnosic acid in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"10","author":"C Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"933","volume-title":"Clinical applications of essential oils. Inamuddin (Ed)","author":"L Tripathi","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"91","article-title":"Herbal medications used to treat fever","volume":"56","author":"C B Hines","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nursing Clinics"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1582539","article-title":"Accelerated infected wound healing by topical application of encapsulated rosemary essential oil into nanostructured lipid carriers","volume":"47","author":"K Khezri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03675-1","article-title":"Effect of Rosemary cream on episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"F Hadizadeh-Talasaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"111","article-title":"Complementary and alternative supplements: A review of dermatologic effectiveness for androgenetic alopecia","volume":"37","author":"P Ufomadu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14224","article-title":"Panax notoginseng saponins promote hair follicle growth in mice via Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010Catenin signaling pathway","volume":"101","author":"D Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2022.102175","article-title":"Evaluation of anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis) essential oil and its Nanoemulgel","volume":"55","author":"A M Eid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Integr Med"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2024.106344","article-title":"Selective extraction of carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmarinic acid from Rosmarinus officinalis L. using supercritical fluid and their antioxidant activity","volume":"212","author":"M Boufetacha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Supercrit Fluids"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"495","article-title":"Carnosic acid alleviates brain injury through NF-\u03baB-regulated inflammation and caspase-3-associated apoptosis in high fat-induced mouse models","volume":"20","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-015-0242-0","article-title":"Carnosic acid disrupts toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway in Pam 3 CSK 4-stimulated macrophages","volume":"7","author":"M Y Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Environ Health Sci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04400-5","article-title":"The antimicrobial effect of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts on oral initial adhesion ex vivo","volume":"26","author":"M G\u00fcnther","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13545","article-title":"Anti\u2010inflammatory and analgesic activity of carnosol and carnosic acid in vivo and in vitro and in silico analysis of their target interactions","volume":"174","author":"F Maione","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.34172\/ijbsm.2022.06","article-title":"Comparison of analgesic effect of rosmarinic acid with piroxicam in mice","volume":"7","author":"M Moradi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int j Basic Sci Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052306","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of carnosic acid: Insight into its mechanisms of action","volume":"28","author":"F J Mirza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Neuroprotective effect of essential oils. In: Khan H, Aschner M, Mirzaei H (eds.). Phytonutrients and neurological disorder","author":"W Alam","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7446","article-title":"Effect of rosemary leaf powder with weight loss diet on lipid profile, glycemic status, and liver enzymes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double\u2010blind clinical trial","volume":"36","author":"S Akbari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12183306","article-title":"Salvia rosmarinus spenn (Lamiaceae) hydroalcoholic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and in vitro evaluation of fatty acid accumulation","volume":"12","author":"V Musolino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10043","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00042","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted triphenylphosphonium-based compounds: Syntheses, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic and diagnostic applications","volume":"117","author":"J Zielonka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2022-0183","article-title":"Aging of hair follicle stem cells and their niches","volume":"56","author":"H Jang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18486","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18486","article-title":"Oxidative stress in hair follicle development and hair growth: Signalling pathways, intervening mechanisms and potential of natural antioxidants","volume":"28","author":"F Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6894","article-title":"An updated review of protective effects of rosemary and its active constituents against natural and chemical toxicities","volume":"35","author":"M S Alavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020206","article-title":"Role and mechanisms of phytochemicals in hair growth and health","volume":"16","author":"P Kesika","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030829","article-title":"Carnosic acid ameliorates indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"11","author":"B Danisman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102867","article-title":"Carnosic acid inhibits secretion of allergic inflammatory mediators in IgE-activated mast cells via direct regulation of Syk activation","volume":"299","author":"R W Crozier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121334","article-title":"Carnosic acid inhibits reactive oxygen species-dependent neutrophil extracellular trap formation and ameliorates acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"321","author":"Y F Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00370","article-title":"An integrated proteomics and bioinformatics approach reveals the anti-inflammatory mechanism of carnosic acid","volume":"9","author":"L C Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103415","article-title":"The function of carnosic acid in lipopolysaccharides-induced hepatic and intestinal inflammation in poultry","volume":"103","author":"S S Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010158","article-title":"Effects of a Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract and Rosmarinic acid in improving streptozotocin-induced aortic tissue damages in rats","volume":"17","author":"I Ielciu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109819","article-title":"Carnosic acid inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by targeting both priming and assembly steps","volume":"116","author":"G Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030773","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic analysis of carnosic acid and carnosol in standardized rosemary extract and the effect on the disease activity index of DSS-induced colitis","volume":"13","author":"J P Veenstra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04765-1","article-title":"Inhibition of the CEBP\u03b2-NF\u03baB interaction by nanocarrier-packaged carnosic acid ameliorates glia-mediated neuroinflammation and improves cognitive function in an Alzheimer\u02bcs disease model","volume":"13","author":"W Yi-Bin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061199","article-title":"Multi-target effects of \u03b2-caryophyllene and carnosic acid at the crossroads of mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration: from oxidative stress to microglia-mediated neuroinflammation","volume":"11","author":"R Iorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01757-9","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in biology and targeted therapy: New insights and translational implications","volume":"9","author":"Q Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00447-y","article-title":"Vitiligo, from physiopathology to emerging treatments: A review","volume":"10","author":"L Migayron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020545","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory therapeutic mechanisms of natural products: insight from rosemary diterpenes, carnosic acid and carnosol","volume":"11","author":"S Habtemariam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"s135","article-title":"New insight into the pathophysiology of hair loss triggers a paradigm shift in the treatment approach","volume":"16","author":"N S Sadick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2019.1659779","article-title":"Androgenetic alopecia: Combing the hair follicle signaling pathways for new therapeutic targets and more effective treatment options","volume":"23","author":"A P Vasserot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2843","article-title":"Prostanoids and hair follicles: Implications for therapy of hair disorders","volume":"98","author":"X U Xue-Gang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2024.114259","article-title":"Changes and significance of Th1\/Th2 and Treg\/Th17 cells and their cytokines in patients with alopecia areata","volume":"442","author":"X Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00325","article-title":"Nitroxide pharmaceutical development for age-related degeneration and disease","volume":"6","author":"J A Zarling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123121","article-title":"Effect of cyclosporine A-tempol topical gel for the treatment of alopecia and anti-inflammatory disorders","volume":"642","author":"S Palakkal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14224","article-title":"Panax notoginseng saponins promote hair follicle growth in mice via Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010Catenin signaling pathway","volume":"101","author":"D Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124585","article-title":"Panax notoginseng saponins loaded W\/O microemulsion for alopecia therapy with panthenol as cosurfactant to reduce skin irritation","volume":"663","author":"S Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2020.3948","article-title":"Identification of anti-microbial peptides and traces of microbial DNA in infrainfundibular compartments of human scalp terminal hair follicles","volume":"31","author":"K Polak-Witka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisp.2017.10.014","article-title":"Hair follicle immune privilege revisited: the key to alopecia areata management","volume":"19","author":"R Paus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14155","article-title":"Hair follicle immune privilege and its collapse in alopecia areata","volume":"29","author":"M Bertolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2024.106116","article-title":"Effects of Camellia oleifera seed shell polyphenols and 1, 3, 6-tri-O-galloylglucose on androgenic alopecia via inhibiting 5a-reductase and regulating Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"177","author":"Q Ru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-012-1265-x","article-title":"The role of androgen and androgen receptor in skin-related disorders","volume":"304","author":"J J Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.06.060","article-title":"Nanostructured lipid carriers promote percutaneous absorption and hair follicle targeting of tofacitinib for treating alopecia areata","volume":"372","author":"Q Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1500973","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500973","article-title":"Pharmacologic inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling promotes hair growth","volume":"1","author":"S Harel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2023.111155","article-title":"Topical metformin as a novel therapy for alopecia areata due to its immunologic effects","volume":"179","author":"P Kokhabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.10.001","article-title":"Linking energy sensing to suppression of JAK-STAT signalling: A potential route for repurposing AMPK activators?","volume":"128","author":"C Speirs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3645","article-title":"Alopecia areata is driven by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is reversed by JAK inhibition","volume":"20","author":"L Xing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12171.x","article-title":"Molecular control of epithelial\u2013mesenchymal interactions during hair follicle cycling","volume":"8","author":"V A Botchkarev","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14224","article-title":"Panax notoginseng saponins promote hair follicle growth in mice via Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010Catenin signaling pathway","volume":"101","author":"D Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Biol Drug Des"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12338","article-title":"Melatonin enhances mitochondrial ATP synthesis, reduces reactive oxygen species formation, and mediates translocation of the nuclear erythroid 2\u2010related factor 2 resulting in activation of phase\u20102 antioxidant enzymes (\u03b3\u2010GCS, HO\u20101, NQO 1) in ultraviolet radiation\u2010treated normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK)","volume":"61","author":"K Kleszczy\u0144ski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2015.07.009","article-title":"The modulatable stem cell niche: Tissue interactions during hair and feather follicle regeneration","volume":"428","author":"C C Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.122972","article-title":"Boosting hair growth through follicular delivery of melatonin through lecithin-enhanced Pickering emulsion stabilized by chitosan-dextran nanoparticles in testosterone induced androgenic alopecia rat model","volume":"639","author":"A A Elshall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010326","article-title":"Age associated decrease of MT-1 melatonin receptor in human dermal skin fibroblasts impairs protection against UV-induced DNA damage","volume":"21","author":"K Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.88508","article-title":"Status of research on the development and regeneration of hair follicles","volume":"21","author":"D Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052306","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of carnosic acid: Insight into its mechanisms of action","volume":"28","author":"F J Mirza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9519-1","article-title":"The dietary components carnosic acid and carnosol as neuroprotective agents: a mechanistic view","volume":"53","author":"M R de Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7825","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective offerings by rosmarinic acid against neurodegenerative and other CNS pathologies","volume":"37","author":"P Ravaria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0215170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215170","article-title":"A carnosine analog with therapeutic potentials in the treatment of disorders related to oxidative stress","volume":"14","author":"R Rezzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-020-00287-w","article-title":"The local hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis in cultured human dermal papilla cells","volume":"21","author":"E Y Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05699-2","article-title":"Carnosic acid alleviates depression-like behaviors on chronic mild stressed mice via PPAR-\u03b3-dependent regulation of ADPN\/FGF9 pathway","volume":"238","author":"X Q Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030680","article-title":"Rosmarinus officinalis and skin: antioxidant activity and possible therapeutical role in cutaneous diseases","volume":"12","author":"F Li Pomi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9040149","article-title":"Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) extracts containing carnosic acid and carnosol are potent quorum sensing inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus virulence","volume":"9","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061614","article-title":"Microbial biofilm: A review on formation, infection, antibiotic resistance, control measures, and innovative treatment","volume":"11","author":"S Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187831","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1187831","article-title":"Intestinal bacteria-a powerful weapon for fungal infections treatment","volume":"13","author":"L Cong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061384","article-title":"Current insights in fungal importance\u2013A comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"V M Corbu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"1100","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and its active constituents on nervous system disorders","volume":"23","author":"M G Rahbardar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57838-w","article-title":"Rosemary and neem: An insight into their combined anti-dandruff and anti-hair loss efficacy","volume":"14","author":"M M Hashem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Planta Medica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2665-2211.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T23:30:40Z","timestamp":1762990240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2665-2211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2665-2211","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-0943","1439-0221"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-0943","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0221","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]}}}