{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T18:06:02Z","timestamp":1755799562315,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":230,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peripheral nerve masses have a wide differential diagnosis; however, there is no established diagnostic framework for evaluating non-neoplastic etiologies, such as inflammatory or infectious lesions. Here, we present a rare case of an ulnar nerve granuloma that initially mimicked a peripheral nerve sheath tumor (PNST) on imaging and clinical presentation to elucidate the relevant medical history, imaging, and histology that aid in distinguishing inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic peripheral nerve lesions. An 85-year-old man with melanoma and multiple prior right elbow surgeries presented with right-hand weakness and a rapidly enlarging gadolinium-enhancing ulnar nerve mass suggestive of a PNST that warranted surgical resection. Surgical histology showed a necrotizing granulomatous lesion that then became most concerning for a parasitic infection. However, broad serum and histologic testing by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were all ultimately negative. The final diagnosis was an inflammatory reaction to a retained foreign body from his prior elbow surgeries. In summary, surgery and comprehensive histologic workup are required for diagnosing granulomatous peripheral nerve lesions that mimic PNSTs on imaging and infection on histology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2667-7286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T23:18:26Z","timestamp":1755645506000},"page":"e59-e65","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ulnar Nerve Granuloma Presenting as a Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9694-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John K.","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Shu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Elguindy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Tripathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison R.","family":"Bond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Aabedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinil N.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arie","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Bollen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Heun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Line G.","family":"Jacques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2016.05.009","article-title":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor","volume":"25","author":"A W James","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.102.2.0246","article-title":"A series of 397 peripheral neural sheath tumors: 30-year experience at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center","volume":"102","author":"D H Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.169447","article-title":"Telltale signs of peripheral neurogenic tumors on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"25","author":"C Kakkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2013-0328","article-title":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors","volume":"19","author":"M Farid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"S 05","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2019.10.054","article-title":"Benign peripheral nerve tumors","volume":"50","author":"Z T Kokkalis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874414535215","article-title":"Peripheral nervous system manifestations of infectious diseases","volume":"4","author":"K T Brizzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10215-9","article-title":"Epidemics and outbreaks of peripheral nervous system disorders: I. infectious and immune-mediated causes","volume":"268","author":"S Mathis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.73454","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by cysticercosis","volume":"43","author":"S R Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0458","article-title":"Case report: Loiasis with peripheral nerve involvement and spleen lesions","volume":"84","author":"F Gobbi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000030","article-title":"Fatal Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a patient with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"106","author":"J Kalita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref11","first-page":"E148","article-title":"Endoneural abscess of common popliteal nerve as first clinical manifestation of leprosy: the first reported case in history in a low-incidence country","volume":"61","author":"A Balestrino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.78.2.155","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of ulnar nerve abscess in leprosy: a case report","volume":"78","author":"S Hari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of the peripheral nerve and spinal cord. In: Emergencies in Neuromuscular Disorders","author":"V Sethi","year":"2022"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2013.09.013","article-title":"Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging of ulnar nerve abscess in leprosy","volume":"72","author":"D Sen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.84.2.141","article-title":"Schwannoma and nerve abscess of leprosy: differential diagnosis","volume":"84","author":"C MO Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000824","article-title":"Foreign body abscess mimicking a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"40","author":"J Salamon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref17","first-page":"e15229","article-title":"Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour of the forearm presenting as foreign body","volume":"13","author":"G Arealis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.2724","article-title":"MRI features in the differentiation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and neurofibromas","volume":"194","author":"J Wasa","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.09.029","article-title":"Natural history of retained surgical items supports the need for team training, early recognition, and prompt retrieval","volume":"208","author":"S P Stawicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2014.01.002","article-title":"Acute inflammatory reactions to hemostatic materials mimicking post-operative intracranial abscess","volume":"1","author":"J J Graber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268073","article-title":"Tumors and tumor-like lesions of peripheral nerves","volume":"14","author":"K Woertler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.5.JNS23323","article-title":"Neuromuscular choristoma and circumferential nerve territory desmoid-type fibromatosis: imaging findings supporting a nerve-driven mechanism","volume":"140","author":"A A Maldonado","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2012000700008","article-title":"Management of desmoid-type fibromatosis involving peripheral nerves","volume":"70","author":"M G Siqueira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3182a266c1","article-title":"Peripheral hemangioblastoma: clinicopathologic characterization in a series of 22 cases","volume":"38","author":"L A Doyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(03)00399-9","article-title":"Proximal nerve root spinal hemangioblastomas: presentation of three cases, MR appearance, and literature review","volume":"61","author":"E J Escott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"1153","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1093\/bjr\/tqad001","article-title":"Hybrid peripheral nerve sheath tumours: MRI features with pathological correlation in 24 cases","volume":"97","author":"S Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12295","article-title":"Peripheral nervous system involvement in lymphomas","volume":"24","author":"C Briani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"}],"container-title":["Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2667-7286.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T23:18:30Z","timestamp":1755645510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2667-7286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2667-7286","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-7221"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1749-7221"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}