{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T22:56:03Z","timestamp":1775861763998,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health"},{"name":"Federal funds for the Fetal 3D Study","award":["HHSN275201300026I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275201300026I"]}]},{"name":"Federal funds for the Fetal 3D Study","award":["HHSN275201500002C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275201500002C"]}]},{"name":"NICHD Fetal Growth Studies\u2014Singletons","award":["HHSN275200800013C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800013C"]}]},{"name":"NICHD Fetal Growth Studies\u2014Singletons","award":["HHSN275200800002I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800002I"]}]},{"name":"NICHD Fetal Growth Studies\u2014Singletons","award":["HHSN27500006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN27500006"]}]},{"name":"NICHD Fetal Growth Studies\u2014Singletons","award":["HHSN275200800003IC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800003IC"]}]},{"name":"NICHD Fetal Growth Studies\u2014Singletons","award":["HHSN275200800014C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800014C"]}]},{"name":"NICHD Fetal Growth Studies\u2014Singletons","award":["HHSN275200800012C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800012C"]}]},{"name":"NICHD Fetal Growth Studies\u2014Singletons","award":["HHSN275200800028C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200800028C"]}]},{"name":"NICHD Fetal Growth Studies\u2014Singletons","award":["HHSN275201000009C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275201000009C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to explore associations between self-reported first-trimester vaginal bleeding status and fetal body composition and organ volumes measured by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound across pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The NICHD Fetal 3D Study (2015\u20132019) included individuals with singleton pregnancies at low risk for fetal growth abnormalities (n\u2009=\u20092,634). Fetal body composition measures of arm, abdomen, and thigh, and organ volumes including cerebellum, lung, kidney, and liver, were measured up to five times between 15 and 40 weeks using 3D ultrasound. Women were grouped by cumulative days of self-reported first-trimester vaginal bleeding: 0 (no bleeding, reference), 1, or &gt;1 day. Linear mixed models, with quadratic and cubic terms for gestational age, including global tests for overall differences in trajectories and weekly pairwise comparisons, were fit to compare groups by fetal anthropometric measures, adjusted for maternal age, race\/ethnicity, prepregnancy body mass index, parity, and infant sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Most women had no bleeding (n\u2009=\u20092,144, 81.4%), whereas 211 (8.0%) reported 1 day and 279 (10.6%) reported &gt;1 day. Compared with no bleeding, fetuses of women with &gt;1 day of bleeding had 75.1 to 264.0\u2009mm2 smaller abdominal area between 30 and 40 weeks, 1.1 to 4.0\u2009cm3 smaller fractional thigh volume between 33 and 40 weeks, 0.4 to 2.4\u2009cm3 smaller fractional fat thigh volumes between 30 and 40 weeks, and 0.8 to 1.6\u2009cm3 larger cerebellar volumes between 35 and 40 weeks. Fetuses of women with 1 day of bleeding had 2.6 to 4.8\u2009cm3 smaller liver volume between 26 and 35 weeks compared with no bleeding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>First-trimester bleeding was associated with smaller fetal abdominal area and decreased adiposity compared with no bleeding, whereas organ growth trajectories were increased for the cerebellum and decreased for the liver. Fetal 3D measures may provide insight into how first-trimester gestational bleeding potentially influences fetal growth and development with implications for possible postnatal health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2682-5886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T23:04:51Z","timestamp":1755212691000},"page":"744-750","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fetal Body Composition and Organ Growth in Pregnancies Complicated by First-Trimester Vaginal Bleeding Status: NICHD Fetal 3D Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct00912132","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03266198","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2922-2261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Jean-Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Epidemiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Gleason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Epidemiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Epidemiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Prospective Group, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Grobman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Gore-Langton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Emmes Company, Rockville, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Emmes Company, Rockville, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena Sanz","family":"Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward K.","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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