{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:23:58Z","timestamp":1792686238315,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"07","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2024-00397290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00397290"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Thromb Haemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Racial differences in the propensity to bleeding may be evident, with a higher risk of bleeding in Asian populations. This study aimed to assess racial differences in bleeding risk among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using an ecological epidemiological approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We included patients with AF from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening and UK Biobank who underwent health check-ups between 2006 and 2010. The analysis involved 1928 East Asians (62.1% male, median age 60.0 years) and 5917 White Europeans (71.4% male, median age 64.0 years) were analyzed. Primary outcome was composed of intracranial hemorrhage and bleeding from the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>During follow-up, the primary outcome occurred in 126 East Asians and 587 White Europeans. East Asians had a 42% lower 5-year incidence rate compared with White Europeans (weighted incidence rate 1.31 vs. 2.24 per 100 person-years; incidence rate ratio 0.58, 95% confidence interval: 0.41\u20130.83). Contrary to the primary outcome, the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage tended to be higher among East Asians (weighted incidence rate 0.34 vs. 0.14 per 100 person-years; incidence rate ratio 2.36, 95% confidence interval: 0.88\u20136.37). These results persisted even in patients na\u00efve to antithrombotic drugs. East Asians who were already taking antithrombotic drugs at baseline showed no significant difference in the incidence of the primary outcome compared with White Europeans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This ecological study highlights racial differences in the incidence of bleeding influenced by anatomical site and antithrombotic drug use and underscores the necessity for race-based tailored approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2690-1674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T23:02:23Z","timestamp":1756249343000},"page":"754-764","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Racial Differences in Bleeding Risks among Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: An Ecological Epidemiological Study Comparing Korea and UK Population"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Dong-Seon","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pil-Sung","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daehoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunsun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Tae","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Hoon","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Nam","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory Y.H.","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyoung","family":"Joung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1739411","article-title":"2021 focused update consensus guidelines of the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society on stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: executive summary","volume":"122","author":"T F Chao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","first-page":"897","article-title":"Chinese expert consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly. 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