{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:04:54Z","timestamp":1790726694547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Ministry of Health"},{"name":"Aerogen and Fisher and Paykel"},{"name":"Aridis Pharmaceutical"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015086","name":"AOP Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite a fairly large number of comparative trials (which are, however, very heterogeneous), the role of corticosteroids in the adjuvant treatment of community-acquired pneumonia remains controversial. Nevertheless, recent randomized trials with adequate power in intensive care unit patients, albeit with conflicting results, have contributed to clarifying our understanding of this issue. More accurate phenotyping of patients likely to benefit from corticosteroid treatment must now be performed. In COVID-19 pneumonia, their benefit is not in question. For certain specific pathogens, including viral pathogens, their indications must be refined. They are still not recommended for influenza. They appear generally safe for short-term use in select populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2704-6851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T23:43:37Z","timestamp":1758239017000},"page":"066-076","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Glucocorticoid Treatment in Community-Acquired Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Dequin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm UMR 1100 Centre d'Etudes des Pathologies Respiratoires, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, Tours, France"},{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine Intensive, R\u00e9animation et Centre d'Investigation Clinique INSERM CIC 1415, H\u00f4pital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours, Tours, France"},{"name":"CRICS-TriGGERSep F-CRIN Network"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Confalonieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital of Cattinara, Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.109785","article-title":"New perspectives on community-acquired pneumonia in 388,406 patients. Results from a nationwide mandatory performance measurement programme in healthcare quality","volume":"64","author":"S Ewig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1312885","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"371","author":"D M Musher","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13112","article-title":"Pneumonia in the developing world: characteristic features and approach to management","volume":"22","author":"S J Aston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702215","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02215-2017","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"51","author":"C Cilloniz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.051","article-title":"The burden of community-acquired pneumonia requiring admission to ICU in the United States","volume":"158","author":"R Cavallazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2303286","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"389","author":"T M File Jr","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.14796","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia: a review","volume":"332","author":"V M Vaughn","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.05.021","article-title":"In-hospital deaths among patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"154","author":"G W Waterer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14a37.x","article-title":"Role of glucocorticoids on inflammatory response in nonimmunosuppressed patients with pneumonia: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"C Mont\u00f3n","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544010-00003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids","volume":"44","author":"D Czock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01736","article-title":"Immune effects of corticosteroids in sepsis","volume":"9","author":"N Heming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.119.018101","article-title":"Transitioning from basic toward systems pharmacodynamic models: lessons from corticosteroids","volume":"72","author":"V S Ayyar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06289-8","article-title":"Pharmacological principles guiding prolonged glucocorticoid treatment in ARDS","volume":"46","author":"G U Meduri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00526-2","article-title":"New insights into the cell- and tissue-specificity of glucocorticoid actions","volume":"18","author":"L Quatrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0245com","article-title":"Gene profiling reveals unknown enhancing and suppressive actions of glucocorticoids on immune cells","volume":"16","author":"J Galon","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref17","first-page":"197","article-title":"The effect of hydrocortisone upon the course of pneumococcal pneumonia treated with penicillin","volume":"98","author":"H N Wagner Jr.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"issue":"5840","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5840.569","article-title":"Ampicillin dosage and use of prednisolone in treatment of pneumonia: co-operative controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"V U McHardy","year":"1972","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.2.389","article-title":"Hydrocortisone and tumor necrosis factor in severe community-acquired pneumonia. A randomized controlled study","volume":"104","author":"P Marik","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-808OC","article-title":"Hydrocortisone infusion for severe community-acquired pneumonia: a preliminary randomized study","volume":"171","author":"M Confalonieri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"91","article-title":"Effects of low-dose hydrocortisone in ICU patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"55","author":"A H El-Ghamrawy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-007-9020-3","article-title":"Efficacy of corticosteroids in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization","volume":"185","author":"K Mikami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200905-0808OC","article-title":"Efficacy of corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial","volume":"181","author":"D Snijders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R96","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10103","article-title":"Effect of corticosteroids on the clinical course of community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"S Fern\u00e1ndez-Serrano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"9782","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60607-7","article-title":"Dexamethasone and length of hospital stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"377","author":"S C Meijvis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4236\/pp.2011.22009","article-title":"Corticosteroids and ICU course of community acquired pneumonia in Egyptian settings","volume":"2","author":"N A Sabry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol Pharm"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcdt.2013.03.009","article-title":"Adjuvant role of corticosteroids in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"62","author":"R M Nafae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc"},{"issue":"9977","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62447-8","article-title":"Adjunct prednisone therapy for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"C A Blum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.88","article-title":"Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"313","author":"A Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.1438","article-title":"Effectiveness of a bundled intervention including adjunctive corticosteroids on outcomes of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a stepped-wedge randomized clinical trial","volume":"179","author":"M Lloyd","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002535","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02535-2020","article-title":"Adjunctive treatment with oral dexamethasone in non-ICU patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"E Wittermans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06684-3","article-title":"Low-dose methylprednisolone treatment in critically ill patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"48","author":"G U Meduri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2215145","article-title":"Hydrocortisone in severe community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"388","author":"P F Dequin","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-07861-w","article-title":"Effect of hydrocortisone on mortality in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia: the REMAP-CAP corticosteroid domain randomized clinical trial","volume":"51","author":"D C Angus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2229","article-title":"Effects of corticosteroids on mortality and clinical cure in community-acquired pneumonia. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized control trials","volume":"163","author":"N Saleem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad496","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized, controlled trials","volume":"77","author":"F Bergmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-07912-2","article-title":"Corticosteroids for adult patients hospitalised with non-viral community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"T Pitre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00474-2016","article-title":"Pathogen- and antibiotic-specific effects of prednisone in community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"48","author":"S A Wirz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"200","author":"J P Metlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199701233360402","article-title":"A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"336","author":"M J Fine","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00405-3","article-title":"Predicting benefit from adjuvant therapy with corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a data-driven analysis of randomised trials","volume":"13","author":"J M Smit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500245","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. adults","volume":"373","author":"S Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad565","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad565","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in the immunocompromised host: epidemiology and outcomes","volume":"10","author":"J A Ramirez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07179-5","article-title":"What's new with glucocorticoids in severe community-acquired pneumonia?","volume":"49","author":"P F Dequin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1415236","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis","volume":"372","author":"K M Kaukonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145929","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145929","article-title":"Predictors of severe sepsis among patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"B Montull","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref47","first-page":"CD002243","article-title":"Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults","volume":"12","author":"D Annane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a2300034","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2300034","article-title":"Patient-level meta-analysis of low-dose hydrocortisone in adults with septic shock","volume":"2","author":"R Pirracchio","year":"2023","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705716","article-title":"Hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone for adults with septic shock","volume":"378","author":"D Annane","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00430-7","article-title":"Hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone for community acquired pneumonia-related septic shock: a subgroup analysis of the APROCCHSS phase 3 randomised trial","volume":"12","author":"N Heming","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202107-1600OC","article-title":"Steroid therapy and outcome of parapneumonic pleural effusions (STOPPE). A pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"205","author":"D B Fitzgerald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref52","first-page":"CD010406","article-title":"Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of influenza","volume":"2","author":"L Lansbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59732-7","article-title":"Use of corticosteroids in influenza-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pneumonia: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5332-4","article-title":"Corticosteroid treatment in critically ill patients with severe influenza pneumonia: a propensity score matching study","volume":"44","author":"G Moreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.11.016","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis among critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"120","author":"W H Chong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7176","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07176","article-title":"Glucocorticosteroids enhance replication of respiratory viruses: effect of adjuvant interferon","volume":"4","author":"B J Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"384","author":"P Horby","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17021","article-title":"Effect of dexamethasone on days alive and ventilator-free in patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and COVID-19. The CODEX randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"B M Tomazini","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17022","article-title":"Effect of hydrocortisone on mortality and organ support in patients with severe COVID-19. The REMAP-CAP COVID-19 corticosteroid domain randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"D C Angus","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16761","article-title":"Effect of hydrocortisone on 21-day mortality or respiratory support among critically-ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"P F Dequin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18295","article-title":"COVID-STEROID 2 trial group. Effect of 12\u2009mg vs 6\u2009mg of dexamethasone on the number of days alive without life support in adults with COVID-19 and severe hypoxemia: the COVID STEROID 2 randomized trial","volume":"326","author":"M W Munch","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.2168","article-title":"High-dose dexamethasone and oxygen support strategies in intensive care unit patients with severe COVID-19 acute respiratory failure: the COVIDICUS randomized clinical trial","volume":"182","author":"L Bouadma","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00510-X","article-title":"Higher dose corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 who are hypoxic but not requiring ventilatory support (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial","volume":"401","author":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Electronic address: recoverytrial@ndph.ox.ac.uk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14346","article-title":"Dexamethasone doses in patients with COVID-19 and hypoxia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"M W Munch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201514","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01514-2022","article-title":"Prolonged higher dose methylprednisolone versus conventional dexamethasone in COVID-19 pneumonia: a randomised controlled trial (MEDEAS)","volume":"61","author":"F Salton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011223232104","article-title":"A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"323","author":"S A Bozzette","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref67","first-page":"CD006150","article-title":"Adjunctive corticosteroids for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV infection","volume":"2015","author":"H Ewald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00649-9","article-title":"Adjunctive corticosteroids may be associated with better outcome for non-HIV Pneumocystis pneumonia with respiratory failure: a systemic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"10","author":"L Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07033-8","article-title":"ERS\/ESICM\/ESCMID\/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"49","author":"I Martin-Loeches","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00125-0","article-title":"Adjunctive corticosteroids in non-AIDS patients with severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PIC): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"V Lemiale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e219","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006172","article-title":"2024 focused update: guidelines on use of corticosteroids in sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"52","author":"D Chaudhuri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3379","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3379","article-title":"A living WHO guidelines on drugs for COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae008","article-title":"The glucocorticoid receptor: isoforms, functions, and contribution to glucocorticoid sensitivity","volume":"45","author":"J Lockett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2704-6851.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:05:55Z","timestamp":1771027555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2704-6851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2704-6851","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-3424","1098-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-3424","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]}}}