{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T23:35:07Z","timestamp":1777073707346,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"07","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to describe the use of continuous neuromuscular blockade (NMBA) in patients with life-threatening hypoxia and\/or hypercarbia secondary to evolving or grade 3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and its association with short-term death, as well as clinical measures of respiratory severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We identified a cohort of patients with evolving or grade 3 BPD at Riley Children's Health who received continuous infusion vecuronium for greater than 48\u2009hours. We analyzed data using descriptive and inferential statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 18 patients identified, 77% survived beyond 7 days after discontinuation of a single course of continuous vecuronium. All but one patient demonstrated decreased respiratory severity score (RSS) and oxygenation saturation index (OSI) across the period of NMBA administration. Mean RSS and OSI decreased significantly across the time of administration (p\u2009=\u20090.003) and was higher in the group that died versus the group that survived (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, p\u2009=\u20090.001). Of those that survived to discharge, six received a tracheostomy, and one was discharged in room air.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A majority of a cohort of patients with life threatening hypoxia and\/or hypercarbia and evolving or grade 3 BPD exposed to continuous NMBA demonstrated a clinically significant incidence of short-term survival and reduced respiratory severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2706-5861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T23:02:19Z","timestamp":1759791739000},"page":"895-899","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of Continuous Neuromuscular Blockade in a Cohort of Patients with Evolving or Grade 3 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Cosnahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farida A.","family":"Farraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Riley Children's Hospital and Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Conlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14365","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"32","author":"A R Schmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1700827","article-title":"Ventilation in extremely preterm infants and respiratory function at 8 years","volume":"377","author":"L W Doyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23235","article-title":"Epidemiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"100","author":"E A Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e226","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.21-4-e226","article-title":"Ventilation strategies in severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"21","author":"K Gibbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neoreviews"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25455","article-title":"Morbidity and respiratory outcomes in infants requiring tracheostomy for severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"56","author":"M House","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr 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moderate to severe pediatric acute respiratory distress","volume":"50","author":"M W Rudolph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2010.03104.x","article-title":"Impact of sustained neuromuscular blockade on outcome of mechanically ventilated children","volume":"52","author":"P S Da Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-016-0206-9","article-title":"Short-term effects of neuromuscular blockade on global and regional lung mechanics, oxygenation and ventilation in pediatric acute hypoxemic respiratory failure","volume":"6","author":"M EF Wilsterman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2348OC","article-title":"The diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants: an evidence-based approach","volume":"200","author":"E A Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23020","article-title":"Respiratory severity score on day of life 30 is predictive of mortality and the length of mechanical ventilation in premature infants with protracted ventilation","volume":"50","author":"M B Malkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1492-9","article-title":"Respiratory severity score as a predictive factor for severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death in extremely preterm infants","volume":"19","author":"Y H Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000369774","article-title":"Oxygen saturation index and severity of hypoxic respiratory failure","volume":"107","author":"M Rawat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"The R package geepack for generalized estimating equations","volume":"15","author":"S H\u00f8jsgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1782180","article-title":"Continuous neuromuscular blockade for bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"41","author":"E D Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of 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