{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T22:43:58Z","timestamp":1776984238977,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Planta Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Traditional medicine has long acknowledged the therapeutic effects of Moutan cortex (MC), derived from the dried root bark of the tree peony. In recent times, scientific investigations have shed light on its bioactive components and the mechanisms underlying its health-promoting effects. Here, we review the origin of MC, encompassing its worldwide resource distribution, plant morphological characteristics, and medicinal values. Additionally, a multi-dimensional analysis is carried out on the present research strategies concerning the components of MC, aiming to provide insights into the identification of the active components in MC. Simultaneously, this article focuses on the anti-fibrotic pharmacological mechanisms of the two crucial active components, paeonol and paeoniflorin, derived from MC. We comprehensively summarize the multiple mechanisms and pathways through which these components exhibit anti-fibrotic actions within specific pathological sites. Moreover, it\n          reviews the advancements in patents and clinical research associated with paeonol and paeoniflorin, emphasizing their substantial potential for translational applications. Elucidating the key active components derived from MC and their pharmacological mechanisms holds critical scientific and practical value across multiple fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2706-7513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T23:01:59Z","timestamp":1760396519000},"page":"520-538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Moutan Cortex: A Review of Origins, Phytochemical Characterization Strategies, and Anti-fibrosis-related Pharmacological Mechanisms and Applications"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1121-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luping","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20141687","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1687","article-title":"Multiple species of wild tree peonies gave rise to the \u2018king of flowers\u2019, Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews","volume":"281","author":"S L Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc R Soc 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Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13142294","article-title":"Developing effective radio frequency vacuum drying processes for Moutan Cortex: Effect on moisture migration, drying kinetics, physicochemical quality, and microstructure","volume":"13","author":"Z Zang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950337","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.950337","article-title":"A review on therapeutical potential of paeonol in atherosclerosis","volume":"13","author":"W Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116925","article-title":"A review for the anti-inflammatory effects of paeoniflorin in inflammatory disorders","volume":"237","author":"Q Xin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life 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Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7829","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-022-04402-6","article-title":"Multi-elements characteristic and potential risk of heavy metals in MOUTAN CORTEX from Anhui Province, China","volume":"20","author":"X Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol (Tehran)"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Shennong\u02bcs Herbal Classic","author":"P Wu","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Pharmacopoeia of the People\u02bcs Republic of China","author":"N P Commission","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11233379","article-title":"Paeonia x suffruticosa (Moutan Peony)\u2013A review of the chemical composition, traditional and professional use in medicine, position in cosmetics industries, and biotechnological studies","volume":"11","author":"H Ekiert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032062","article-title":"Moutan cortex extract modulates macrophage activation via lipopolysaccharide-induced calcium signaling and ER stress-CHOP pathway","volume":"24","author":"H J Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679129","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.679129","article-title":"Dietary moutan cortex radicis improves serum antioxidant capacity and intestinal immunity and alters colonic microbiota in weaned piglets","volume":"8","author":"M Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2024.2425044","article-title":"A new isoflavone from processed root barks of Paeonia suffruticosa and their procoagulant activity","volume":"5","author":"S G Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Prod 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AGEs-induced diabetic nephropathy","volume":"176","author":"Y Lian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748501","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.748501","article-title":"Grey relational analysis combined with network pharmacology to identify antioxidant components and uncover its mechanism from Moutan Cortex","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5434","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5434","article-title":"Combining network pharmacology with chromatographic fingerprinting and multicomponent quantitative analysis for the quality evaluation of Moutan Cortex","volume":"36","author":"R Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Chromatogr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.051","article-title":"Capture of anti-coagulant active ingredients from Moutan Cortex by platelet 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A"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358640","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1358640","article-title":"Identification of potential anti-inflammatory components in Moutan Cortex by bio-affinity ultrafiltration coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry","volume":"15","author":"C Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6102","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206102","article-title":"Insight into seasonal change of phytochemicals, antioxidant, and anti-aging activities of root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa (Cortex Moutan) combined with multivariate statistical analysis","volume":"26","author":"S Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2539","article-title":"Revealing metabolomic variations in Cortex Moutan from different root parts using HPLC\u2013MS method","volume":"26","author":"C Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochem Anal"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17393","article-title":"Unveiling spatial metabolome of Paeonia suffruticosa and Paeonia lactiflora roots using MALDI MS imaging","volume":"231","author":"B Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2024.116537","article-title":"Tissue-specific chemical expression and quantitative analysis of bioactive components of Moutan Cortex by laser-microdissection combined with UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS technique","volume":"253","author":"Y Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.04.045","article-title":"Chemical profiling in Moutan Cortex after sulfuring and desulfuring processes reveals further insights into the quality control of TCMs by nontargeted metabolomic 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Anal"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.12.019","article-title":"UHPLC\/Q-TOF MS-based plasma metabolic profiling analysis of the bleeding mechanism in a rat model of yeast and ethanol-induced blood heat and hemorrhage syndrome","volume":"92","author":"J Shang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4963","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.4963","article-title":"Nine absorbed components pharmacokinetic of raw and processed Moutan Cortex in normal and blood-heat and hemorrhage syndrome model rats","volume":"34","author":"Q Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Chromatogr"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2017.09.015","article-title":"Systematic characterization of the metabolites of paeonol in rats using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem 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cardiac pathological remodeling through Notch1 signaling reactivation in H9c2 cells and adult Zebrafish heart","volume":"33","author":"S Thabassum Akhtar Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2022.2040543","article-title":"Paeonol attenuates heart failure induced by transverse aortic constriction via ERK1\/2 signalling","volume":"60","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-013-9491-x","article-title":"Paeoniflorin attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling via inhibition of TGF\u03b2\/Smads and NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"44","author":"H Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mol Histol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.090","article-title":"Paeoniflorin improves pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"111","author":"X Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-024-01781-7","article-title":"Paeoniflorin attenuates cuproptosis and ameliorates left ventricular remodeling after AMI in hypobaric hypoxia environments","volume":"78","author":"X Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nat Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/15593258241277919","article-title":"Paeoniflorin inhibits atrial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation in angiotensin II-infused mice through the PI3K-akt pathway","volume":"22","author":"Y Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-020-2178-0","article-title":"Paeoniflorin attenuates myocardial fibrosis in isoprenaline-induced chronic heart failure rats via 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fibrosis","volume":"50","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"193","article-title":"Prevention of bleomycin-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice by paeonol","volume":"8","author":"M H Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2024.04.006","article-title":"Protective effects of paeonol against cognitive impairment in lung diseases","volume":"155","author":"Y C Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-025-01770-x","article-title":"The paeonol of total glucosides of white peony regulates the differentiation of CD4+Treg cells through the EP300\/Foxp3 axis to relieve pulmonary fibrosis in mice","volume":"83","author":"M Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biochem 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